ABSTRACT
The use of Flavourzyme as a processing aid for the production of Mungoong, an extract paste from the cephalothorax of white shrimp, and its effect on biological activities were investigated. Flavourzyme increased the yield of Mungoong. Mungoong prepared from raw cephalothorax with the addition of 0.15% or 0.30% (w/w) Flavourzyme showed higher yields than those prepared from the cooked counterpart with a higher formal content and nitrogen solubility index when the same levels of Flavourzyme were used (P < 0.05). Higher ammonia and amino nitrogen contents were also observed in Mungoong prepared with the aid of Flavourzyme, particularly for the raw cephalothorax (P < 0.05). All Mungoong contained protein as the major constituent. For antioxidative activity, Mungoong prepared from raw cephalothorax with 0.15% Flavourzyme (Mungoong RF 15) exhibited the highest antioxidative activity as evidenced by the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activities as well as ferric reducing antioxidant power, compared with other samples. Additionally, angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory activity was greater in Mungoong produced with the aid of Flavourzyme, regardless of processes used (P < 0.05).
Subject(s)
Endopeptidases/pharmacology , Food Handling/methods , Penaeidae , Thorax/chemistry , Ammonia/analysis , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/analysis , Animals , Antioxidants/analysis , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Carbohydrates/analysis , Free Radical Scavengers/analysis , Free Radical Scavengers/pharmacology , Lipids/analysis , Nitrogen/analysis , Penaeidae/drug effects , Penaeidae/enzymology , Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism , Taste , Thorax/drug effectsABSTRACT
[formula: see text] The stereoselective total synthesis of reveromycin B (2), a novel polyketide-type antibiotic, has been accomplished.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemical synthesis , Pyrans/chemical synthesis , Spiro Compounds/chemical synthesisABSTRACT
The unexpectedly low efficacy of influenza vaccine during school outbreaks of influenza B virus in the spring of 1987 in Japan was probably attributable to a poor antibody response of vaccinees to the epidemic viruses. An antigenic analysis of the causative B viruses isolated in 1987 and 1988 showed much variation in hemagglutination inhibition patterns. The nucleotide sequences that code for the HA1 domain of B/Fukuoka/c-27/81, B/Ibaraki/2/85, B/Nagasaki/1/87, and B/Yamagata/16/88 viruses were determined and compared with those of the previously reported hemagglutinin genes. The nucleotide sequences of the hemagglutinin gene of a new variant, B/Yamagata/16/88, had only 93.4% homology with those of two other viruses from the same epidemic. An analysis of nucleotide and amino acid substitutions of the hemagglutinin genes of influenza B viruses revealed that new and some old variants could cocirculate in the same epidemic. A phylogenetic tree constructed by the neighbor-joining method allowed estimation of an evolutionary rate of 2.3 x 10(-3) synonymous (silent) substitutions per nucleotide site per year in the hemagglutinin gene.
