γ-Cyclodextrin hydrogel for the sustained release of josamycin for potential ocular application.

Glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. However, its surgical treatment, in particular via trabeculectomy, can be complicated by fibrosis. In current clinical practice, application of the drug, Mitomycin C, prevents or delays fibrosis, but can lead to additional side effects, such as bleb leakage and hypotony. Previous in silico drug screening and in vitro testing has identified the known antibiotic, josamycin, as a possible alternative antifibrotic medication with potentially fewer side effects. However, a suitable ocular delivery mechanism for the hydrophobic drug to the surgical site does not yet exist. Therefore, the focus of this paper is the development of an implantable drug delivery system for sustained delivery of josamycin after glaucoma surgery based on crosslinked γ-cyclodextrin. γ-Cyclodextrin is a commonly used solubilizer which was shown to complex with josamycin, drastically increasing the drug's solubility in aqueous solutions. A simple γ-cyclodextrin crosslinking method produced biocompatible hydrogels well-suited for implantation. The crosslinked γ - cyclodextrin retained the ability to form complexes with josamycin, resulting in a 4-fold higher drug loading efficiency when compared to linear dextran hydrogels, and prolonged drug release over 4 days.

Melt blending of poly(lactic acid) with biomedically relevant polyurethanes to improve mechanical performance.

Minimally invasive surgery procedures are of utmost relevance in clinical practice. However, the associated mechanical stress on the material poses a challenge for new implant developments. In particular PLLA, one of the most widely used polymeric biomaterials, is limited in its application due to its high brittleness and low elasticity. In this context, blending is a conventional method of improving the performance of polymer materials. However, in implant applications and development, material selection is usually limited to the use of medical grade polymers. The focus of this work was to investigate the extent to which blending poly-l-lactide (PLLA) with low contents of a selection of five commercially available medical grade polyurethanes leads to enhanced material properties. The materials obtained by melt blending were characterized in terms of their morphology and thermal properties, and the mechanical performance of the blends was evaluated taking into account physiological conditions. From these data, we found that mixing PLLA with Pellethane 80A is a promising approach to improve the material's performance, particularly for stent applications. It was found that PLLA/Pellethane blend with 10% polyurethane exhibits considerable plastic deformation before fracture, while pure PLLA fractures with almost no deformation. Furthermore, the addition of Pellethane only leads to a moderate reduction in elongation at yield and yield stress. In addition, dynamic mechanical analysis for three different PLLA/Pellethane ratios was performed to investigate thermally induced shape retention and shape recovery of the blends.

Fetuin A functionalisation of biodegradable PLLA-co-PEG nonwovens towards enhanced biomineralisation and osteoblastic growth behaviour.

Therapy for large-scale bone defects remains a major challenge in regenerative medicine. In this context, biodegradable electrospun nonwovens are a promising material to be applied as a temporary implantable scaffold as their fibre diameters are in the micro- and nanometre range and possess a high surface-to-volume ratio paired with high porosity. In this work, in vitro assessment of biodegradable PLLA-co-PEG nonwovens with fetuin A covalently anchored to the surface has been performed in terms of biomineralisation and the influence on MG-63 osteoblast cell metabolic activity, biosynthesis of type I collagen propeptide and inflammatory potential. Our finding was that covalent fetuin A funtionalisation of the nonwoven material leads to a distinct increase in calcium affinity, thus enhancing biomineralisation while maintaining the distinct fibre morphology of the nonwoven. The cell seeding experiments showed that the fetuin A functionalised and subsequently in vitro biomineralised PLLA-co-PEG nonwovens did not show negative effects on MG-63 growth. Fetuin A funtionalisation and enhanced biomineralisation supported cell attachment, leading to improved cell morphology, spreading and infiltration into the material. Furthermore, no signs of increase in the inflammatory potential of the material have been detected by flow cytometry experiments. Overall, this study provides a contribution towards the development of artificial scaffolds for guided bone regeneration with the potential to enhance osteoinduction and osteogenesis.

The Use of Zwitterionic Methylmethacrylat Coated Silicone Inhibits Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation of Staphylococcus aureus.

In recent decades, biofilm-associated infections have become a major problem in many medical fields, leading to a high burden on patients and enormous costs for the healthcare system. Microbial infestations are caused by opportunistic pathogens which often enter the incision already during implantation. In the subsequently formed biofilm bacteria are protected from the hosts immune system and antibiotic action. Therefore, the development of modified, anti-microbial implant materials displays an indispensable task. Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) represents the state-of-the-art material in implant manufacturing. Due to the constantly growing areas of application and the associated necessary adjustments, the optimization of these materials is essential. In the present study, modified liquid silicone rubber (LSR) surfaces were compared with two of the most commonly used TPUs in terms of bacterial colonization and biofilm formation. The tests were conducted with the clinically relevant bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Crystal violet staining and scanning electron microscopy showed reduced adhesion of bacteria and thus biofilm formation on these new materials, suggesting that the investigated materials are promising candidates for implant manufacturing.

Influence of Drug Incorporation on the Physico-Chemical Properties of Poly(l-Lactide) Implant Coating Matrices-A Systematic Study.

Local drug delivery has become indispensable in biomedical engineering with stents being ideal carrier platforms. While local drug release is superior to systemic administration in many fields, the incorporation of drugs into polymers may influence the physico-chemical properties of said matrix. This is of particular relevance as minimally invasive implantation is frequently accompanied by mechanical stresses on the implant and coating. Thus, drug incorporation into polymers may result in a susceptibility to potentially life-threatening implant failure. We investigated spray-coated poly-l-lactide (PLLA)/drug blends using thermal measurements (DSC) and tensile tests to determine the influence of selected drugs, namely sirolimus, paclitaxel, dexamethasone, and cyclosporine A, on the physico-chemical properties of the polymer. For all drugs and PLLA/drug ratios, an increase in tensile strength was observed. As for sirolimus and dexamethasone, PLLA/drug mixed phase systems were identified by shifted drug melting peaks at 200 °C and 240 °C, respectively, whereas paclitaxel and dexamethasone led to cold crystallization. Cyclosporine A did not affect matrix thermal properties. Altogether, our data provide a contribution towards an understanding of the complex interaction between PLLA and different drugs. Our results hold implications regarding the necessity of target-oriented thermal treatment to ensure the shelf life and performance of stent coatings.

Ion Exchange Controlled Drug Release from Polymerized Ionic Liquids.

In this work ion functionalized hydrogels as potent drug delivery systems are presented. The ion functionalization of the hydrogel enables the retention of ionic drug molecules and thus a reduction of burst release effects. Timolol maleate in combination with polymerized anionic 3-sulfopropylmethacrylate potassium and ibuprofen combined with cationic poly-[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride are investigated in respect to their drug release profile. The results are showing an ion exchange depending release behavior instead of a diffusion-controlled drug release as it is known from common drug delivery systems. Furthermore, the suitability of such hydrogels for standard methods for sterilization is investigated.

Swelling characteristics and biocompatibility of ionic liquid based hydrogels for biomedical applications.

Polymers are commonly used in medical device manufacturing, e.g. for drug delivery systems, bone substitutes and stent coatings. Especially hydrogels exhibit very promising properties in this field. Hence, the development of new hydrogel systems for customized application is of great interest, especially regarding the swelling behavior and mechanical properties as well as the biocompatibility. The aim of this work was the preparation and investigation of various polyelectrolyte and poly-ionic liquid based hydrogels accessible by radical polymerization. The obtained polymers were covalently crosslinked with N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA) or different lengths of poly(ethyleneglycol)diacrylate (PEGDA). The effect of different crosslinker-to-monomer ratios has been examined. In addition to the compression curves and the maximum degree of swelling, the biocompatibility with L929 mouse fibroblasts of these materials was determined in direct cell seeding experiments and the outcome for the different hydrogels was compared.

Catalyst-free synthesis of 2-aryl-1,2-dihydro-quinazolin-4(1H)-thiones from 2-aminobenzothio-amides and aldehydes in water.

2-Dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-thiones were prepared in up to excellent yields from 2-aminobenzothioamides and aldehydes. The reaction is carried out in water without the use of any catalyst or promoter. The sulfur-containing substrate can be obtained easily by thiation of the corresponding nitrile by solid sodium hydrosulfide.

Base mediated synthesis of 2-aryl-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones from 2-aminobenzonitriles and aromatic aldehydes in water.

An environmentally friendly and mild procedure to obtain 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones from 2-aminobenzonitriles and aromatic aldehydes has been developed. The reactions took place in water with inorganic base (K3PO4) as the only promoter. Various desired products have been prepared in moderate to good yields under identical conditions. Further transformation of dihydroquinazolinones to quinazolinones was carried out as well with TBHP as the oxidant.