Simple stochastic model for geomagnetic excursions and reversals reproduces the temporal asymmetry of the axial dipole moment.

We present a simple model for the axial dipole moment (ADM) of the geomagnetic field based on a stochastic differential equation for two coupled particles in a biquadratic potential, subjected to Gaussian random perturbations. This model generates aperiodic reversals and excursions separated by stable polarity periods. The model reproduces the temporal asymmetry of geomagnetic reversals, with slower decaying rates before the reversal and faster growing rates after it. This temporal asymmetry is possible because our model is out of equilibrium. The existence of a thermal imbalance between the two particles sets a preferential sense for the energy flux and renders the process irreversible.

The magnetic properties of particles deposited on Platanus x hispanica leaves in Madrid, Spain, and their temporal and spatial variations.

Magnetic phases are a common component of atmospheric particles and as such are being increasingly exploited in air quality studies. In this context the magnetic properties of Platanus x hispanica leaves were determined during the spring and summer months of 2001 and 2004 in Madrid, Spain. The leaves exhibited a stable magnetic signal carried by partially oxidized magnetite grains. Most or all of the material resided on the leaf surfaces as a net result of accumulation with time and removal through precipitation. Concentration and grain-size trends indicated that roads act as the source of the magnetic signal. The relationships between IRM(1T) (magnetic concentration) and the concentration of NO(x) and PM(10) showed that the magnetic signal is specific to traffic-related emissions and not to total particle mass. City-wide maps of magnetic concentration were produced which describe the medium-term net accumulation of traffic-related particles. They showed the same pattern of concentration lows and highs in both years, with lower concentrations in 2004. Consistently high values were observed in south-central Madrid, in an area of high traffic activity. The effects of precipitation make establishing quantitative relationships between magnetic concentration and air quality parameters difficult when using tree leaves as a passive sampling system. However, a qualitative relationship is maintained which permits the mapping and identification of persistent features of particle accumulation.