Solidification of ternary melts with a two-phase layer.

This review is concerned with the nonstationary solidification of three-component systems in the presence of two moving phase transition regions-the main (primary) and cotectic layers. A non-linear moving boundary problem has been developed and its analytical solutions have been defined. Namely, the temperature and impurity concentration distributions were determined, the solid phase fractions in the phase transition regions and the laws of motion of their boundaries were found. It was shown that variations in the initial impurity concentration affect significantly the ratio between the lengths of the two-phase layers. A non-linear liquidus surface equation is theoretically taken into account as well.

The Red Sea Deep Water is a potent source of atmospheric ethane and propane.

Non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) such as ethane and propane are significant atmospheric pollutants and precursors of tropospheric ozone, while the Middle East is a global emission hotspot due to  extensive oil and gas production. Here we compare in situ hydrocarbon measurements, performed around the Arabian Peninsula, with global model simulations that include current emission inventories (EDGAR) and state-of-the-art atmospheric circulation and chemistry mechanisms (EMAC model). While measurements of high mixing ratios over the Arabian Gulf are adequately simulated, strong underprediction by the model was found over the northern Red Sea. By examining the individual sources in the model and by utilizing air mass back-trajectory investigations and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis, we deduce that Red Sea Deep Water (RSDW) is an unexpected, potent source of atmospheric NMHCs. This overlooked underwater source is comparable with total anthropogenic emissions from entire Middle Eastern countries, and significantly impacts the regional atmospheric chemistry.

[Chromatin structure and transcription regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae].

Nucleosome organization of eukaryotic chromatin determines the DNA availability for regulatory factors during transcription. Nucleosome positioning at promoters is an important factor effecting gene expression. Recent studies showed that yeast promoters can be divided in two groups with the different chromatin organization. It has become clear that genes with the similar chromatin structure in promoters are regulated by the same mechanisms. In this review, using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as example, we discuss interplay between chromatin structure and transcription, dynamic changes in chromatin during transcription and a role of various factors (histone chaperones, remodeling complexes, histone variant H2A.Z) in these processes.

[Rpn4p is a positive and negative transcriptional regulator of the ubiquitin-proteasome system].

Ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic system participates in metabolism of the majority of intracellular proteins and regulation of key cellular processes in eukaryotes. While the structure and functioning of this system is studied rather well, a little is known about regulation of its genes expression. At present time, the only regulatory system of transcription of proteasome genes is found in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This system includes Rpn4p-proteasome-associated transcriptional regulator and its binding site called PACE (Proteasome Associated Control Element). To learn more about function of Rpn4p as a transcriptional regulator, there are following questions: 1) is the Rpn4p regulator for PACE-containing genes which encode for components of protein ubiquitinylation system 2) what is the contribution of Rpn4p in stress-activated level of mRNA of proteasome genes. In this work, using semiquantitative RT-PCR we have shown that deletion of RPN4 gene leads to decreasing in mRNA level of the genes of ubiqitination system RAD6, RAD23 and CDC48, while UBI4 mRNA level is increased in this strain. In the presence of alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate or under heat shock we observed Rpn4 p-dependent elevation of mRNA level of the proteasomal genes RPT4 and RPNS. At the same time, CDC48 mRNA level is decreased in wild type yeast strain upon methyl methanesulfonate treatment. These data indicate that under normal or stress conditions Rpn4p may act as an activator or repressor for the genes of the ubiquitin-proteasome system.

[Anesthesia during diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic abdominal procedures]. / Osobennosti anestezii pri diagnosticheskikh i lechebnykh éndoskopicheskikh abdominal'nykh vmeshatel'stvakh.

The results of a retrospective study of peculiarities of anesthetic management at emergency diagnostic endoscopic interventions in abdominal organs are presented in the article. Anesthesia-related risk factors, peculiarities of surgery duration and most often complications, encountered during operation and immediately after it, were analyzed in cases of the administration of multi-component combined endotracheal narcosis (MCEN), intravenous anesthesia, intramuscular sedation and local anesthesia. It was pointed out that the need to revise the anesthetic tactic (use of another type of anesthetic management) appeared in cases of intravenous anesthesia (27%), intramuscular sedation (20%) or local anesthesia (40%). Complications were encountered, during the early postoperative period in breathing organs, 9-18% (pneumothorax, pneumonia), in case of intravenous anesthesia of diagnostic laparoscopy. PONV syndrome was on the top of complications' list (42%) in MCEN. In order to optimize the medical care rendered to patients, who are admitted to the emergency surgery department, multi-component combined endotracheal narcosis is suggested as a method of choice for diagnostic laparoscopic interventions; a management algorithm and MCEN peculiarities are defined.

[Comparative evaluation of methods for preoperative treatment and variants of anesthesia in patient with toxic goiter]. / Sravnitel'naia otsenka metodov predoperatsionnoi podgotovki i variantov anestezii u bol'nykh toksicheskim zobom.

Surgery on the thyroid has been extensively developing in recent decades. All organs and systems are involved in thyrotoxicosis, but cardiovascular involvement predominates. We evaluated the preoperative treatment and choice of optimal anesthesia for interventions on the thyroid. Preoperative treatment modified the central hemodynamic parameters and levels of thyroid and adrenocortical hormones in the blood, which should be borne in mind during preparations of patients to surgery. Central hemodynamic parameters and hormonal profiles during the intervention depended on the variants of preoperative treatment and anesthesia.

[Double bonds of fatty acids, alcohols glycerol, cholesterol and nonpolar serum lipids. Diagnostic value of hypercholesterolemia]. / Dvoinye sviazi zhirnykh kislot, spirty glitserin, kholesterin i nepoliarnye lipidy syvorotki krovi. Diagnosticheskoe znachenie giperkholesterinemii.

A method for evaluation of double bonds (DB) by ozone titration in a pool of serum lipids during extraction after Folch is developed. A method for measuring the weight of nonpolar lipids in apoB-100-lipoproteins (LP) with a hydrophobic fluorescent probe K-37 was used. Cholesterol and glycerol alcohols were measured in the serum using Cholesterol and Triglycerides kits (Hoffmann la Roche). Twenty-four patients with myocardial infarction, 29 coronary patients, and 37 healthy children were examined. The level of cholesterol alcohol reflects the number of double bonds in fatty acids (FA) and hence, the content of essential polythenic FA in the serum. The higher the level of cholesterol alcohols the greater the pool of essential poly-FA, circulating in the blood as nonpolar cholesterol polyesters within low density lipoproteins (LDL). Presumably, the higher the level of cholesterol LDL, the more pronounced is the deficit of essential poly-FA and the greater is the compensatory activation of the synthesis of endogenous poly-FA. A positive correlation between the content of cholesterol alcohol in the serum and weight of nonpolar lipids in apoB-100-LP was noted.

First synthesis of totally orthogonal protected alpha-(trifluoromethyl)- and alpha-(difluoromethyl)arginines.

The first synthesis of a series of totally orthogonal protected racemic alpha-(trifluoromethyl)- and alpha-(difluoromethyl)arginines is described. The key steps of the synthesis are the mild guanidinylation procedure and the selective hydrogenation of a CC triple bond in the presence of a Cbz-group.

[Study of vertical transmission of coxsackie group enteroviruses in the etiology of congenital immunodeficiencies]. / Znachenie vertikal'noi peredachi énterovirusov gruppy koksaki v étiologii vrozhdennykh immunodefitsitnykh sostoianii.

Morphological and virological studies were carried out in 26 cases of perinatal and neonatal deaths in a group at a high risk of vertical transmission of Coxsackie viruses. Antigens of Coxsackie viruses A and B were identified in 73.1% of autopsy materials, including the thymus. Adenovirus and rubella virus antigens were detected much more rarely: in 26.9 and 30.8% of cases. The incidence of Coxsackie viruses was minimal (50%) in cases when thymic abnormalities were confined to the initial signs of preterm involution and reliably increased if the involution was more expressed in the presence of underdeveloped thymus, reaching 100% in cases with the terminal stage of preterm involution in the presence of marked immaturity. The data confirm the hypothesis about the principal role of Coxsackie virus in the etiology of secondary congenital immunodeficiencies detected in children at a high risk of vertical transmission of these viruses.

[Experimental epidural and conduction anesthesia with azacaine]. / Epidural'naia i provodnikovaia anesteziia azakainom v éksperimente.

Experimental studies were undertaken to examine azacaine used in mice during conduction anesthesia and in rabbits during epidural anesthesia in 0.75, 2 and 0.75, 1% solutions, respectively. It was found that azacaine in the above doses is 1.5-3.5-fold superior to 2% solutions of lidocaine (xycaine) and trimecaine (mesocaine) in their effect duration. Histological studies of the rabbit spinal cord after epidural azacaine administration revealed no significant changes in brain tissues.

[A comparative evaluation of the effects of local anesthetics combined with morphine and administered epidurally]. / Sravnitel'naia otsenka deistviia mestnykh anestetikov v sochetannii s morfinom pri ikh épidural'nom vvedenii.

The authors compare the efficacies of trimecaine (8 mg/kg), lidocaine (8 mg/kg), azacaine (2 and 3 mg/kg) alone and in combination with morphine (1.2 mg/kg), administered epidurally. Analgesia efficacy and duration were assessed by the electrostimulation method in experimental rabbits. First the pain threshold was defined, then the tested drugs were injected epidurally; the degree of the pain threshold rise permitted a judgment on the analgetic effect of the drugs. Combined injection of morphine and any of the tested anesthetics to the epidural space considerably prolonged the analgesia. The duration of the analgetic effect was the longest (over 24 h) with azacaine-based mixtures. Preliminary injection of morphine (1 h before azacaine) was conducive to a more rapid development of the epidural block and a more smooth course of analgesia. Experiments with mice have shown that addition of morphine to azacaine in the before volumes did not change azacaine toxicity.

[Complement 3 in hypertension and arteriosclerosis]. / Tretii komponent komplementa pri gipertonicheskoi bolezni i ateroskleroze.

The serum levels, residual functional activity (RFA), phenotype of complement component 3 (C3) were determined in 20 patients with hypertensive disease (HD), 11 with documented coronary atherosclerosis (CA), and 11 with HD + CA. The sera from 21 apparently healthy subjects were used as a control. There was a higher frequency of the allotype C3F in the HD, CA, and HD + CA groups (0.400, 0.417, and 0.364, respectively) than in the controls. The HD + CA group showed a significant (p less than 0.05) decrease in RFA of C3 as compared to the HD and CA groups. There were significant differences in the serum C3 concentrations and RFA in allotype C3F carriers between the patients with CA and HD. The findings suggest that allotype C3F carriage may be a factor predisposing to accelerated progression of CA in HD.

[Werdnig-Hoffmann's congenital spinal atrophy in nursing infants]. / Vrozhdennaia spinal'naia amiotrofiia Verdniga--Gofmana u detei grudnogo vozrasta.

The paper is concerned with an analysis of the anamnestic clinical and histological data on 8 children (6 girls and 2 boys) who died at an age of 3 to 7 months. They had been treated at the Child's Clinical Hospital of Moscow for Hoffmann-Werdnig syndrome, bilateral polysegmental pneumonia, respiratory insufficiency, stage III, hypotrophy, stages II and III, anemia of infectious alimentary etiology. Ground for hospitalization was superaddition of intercurrent infection, the growth of respiratory insufficiency. In spite of intensive care, the children died on days I-III of the stay at the hospital. The clinical analysis of the disease and the autopsy findings allowed a conclusion about the predominance of the early form of Hoffmann-Werdnig syndrome running a rapid progressive course. The immediate cause of the children's death was acute respiratory insufficiency associated with polysegmental pneumonia, spinal amyotrophy.

[The treatment of acute venous thromboses with renokinase]. / Lechenie ostrykh venoznykh trombozov renokinazoi.

The article presents results of treatment of 53 patients with acute thrombosis of profound veins of various localizations by means of a new home thrombolytic drug, physiologic activator plasminogen--renokinase. High effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy with good rehabilitation or marked clinical improvement was obtained in 79% of the patients. Renokinase is areactogenic and may be used many times.

[The effect of plasmapheresis and the plasmasorption and immunosorption of low-density lipoproteins on the humoral immunity function of patients with hereditary hypercholesterolemia]. / Vliianie plazmafereza, plazmosorbtsii i immunosorbtsii lipoproteidov nizkoi plotnosti na sostoianie gumoral'nogo immuniteta u bol'nykh s nasledstvennoi giperkholesterinemiei.

It has been shown that prolonged use of plasmapheresis with a 7-day interval in patients with hereditary hypercholesterolemia is potentially dangerous because of possible development of immunodeficiency. LDL plasmasorption and immunosorption produce a beneficial effect on the concentration of immunoglobulins. It is assumed that immunosorption permits the elimination not only of lipoproteins but also lipoprotein-containing immune complexes from the blood channel.

[Idiopathic arterial calcification: its link with calciphylaxis]. / Idiopaticheskaia arterial'naia kal'tsifikatsiiia: sviaz' s kal'tsifilaksiei.

The attempt to establish the connection of the idiopathic arterial calcification (IAC) with calciphilaxy is made on the basis of the published data analysis and 11 observations of IAC in children. Apart from known morphological manifestations of IAC, the authors found mast cells in the cellular infiltrate, vesicular transformation of smooth cells in the arteries affected. This together with the elastic membrane changes in the arteries and massive iron and oxyapatite deposits in the arterial wall suggests the development of calciphylactic reaction. The similarity of the morphological and clinical manifestations, and IAK therapy in the clinics and experiment is shown. Special emphasis is made on the possibility of the calciphylaxy development in children under conditions of the vitamin D wide use for the prevention of rickets and iron preparations use for anemia treatment. The conclusion is drawn on the multicausal character of IAK and possibility to distinguish congenital, acquired and combined forms of the disease. The necessity of through analysis of each case of IAK is stressed in order to reveal iatrogenic factors capable to produce sensibilization and/or to provoke the disease.