Hyperparasitism in bat flies (Diptera: Streblidae): new records and interaction networks in the Neotropics.

Hyperparasitism is defined as the interaction where one parasite is infected by another parasite. In bat flies (Streblidae and Nycteribiidae), both hyperparasites and microparasites (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and arthropods such as mites) have been documented. Fungi belonging to the order Laboulbeniales are microscopic parasites of a wide diversity of arthropod hosts. Three genera exclusively target bat flies: Arthrorhynchus, which parasitizes species within Nycteribiidae in the Eastern Hemisphere, while genus Gloeandromyces and Nycteromyces parasitize Streblidae in the Western Hemisphere. Among the hyperparasitic arthropods, mites of family Neothrombidiidae, particularly the monospecific genus Monunguis, are known to parasitize bat flies. Here we present the first records of the hyperparasites Monunguis streblida and Gloeandromyces pageanus f. polymorphus parasitizing Streblidae bat flies in Colombia and a summary of these hyperparasitic interactions in the Neotropics. We detected fungi and mites parasitizing bat flies that were collected in the Magdalena River Basin, Colombia, in field expeditions in 2018, 2022, and 2023. We identified 17 bat flies and two species of hyperparasites, specifically M. streblida and the fungi Gloeandromyces. Our search for reports of these interactions in the Neotropics revealed that seven species of Trichobius (Streblidae) are parasitized by M. streblida, whereas Paratrichobius longicrus (Streblidae) is parasitized by Gloeandromyces pageanus f. polymorphus. These interactions have been reported in 11 countries, but our records are the first of M. streblida and Laboulbeniales fungi parasitizing bat flies in Colombia. So far, a total of 14 species of fungi and one species of mite have been associated with 19 species of bat flies, which in turn, are linked to 15 species of Neotropical bats.

Stress factors and food purchase prioritization during the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019.

BACKGROUND: The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic confinement has an impact on stress levels, which causes changes in food purchase and consumption behaviors. The objective of this study is to associate food purchase prioritization with stress level during the COVID-19 pandemic confinement. METHODS: Multicenter, observational and cross-sectional study, an online questionnaire that included data on sociodemographic variables, stress factors and food purchase prioritization was disseminated through digital platforms and social networks. RESULTS: A number of 6357 participants were included, of whom 83.6% were female, 56.3% were from the middle socioeconomic level, 71.2% had completed higher education and 78.3% had a job. At greater stress levels it was observed a higher prioritization of canned foods (Odds ratio (OR): 1.91, 95% CI: 1.56; 2.34), sweets (OR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.06; 2.34) and flours (OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.25; 1.68). While lower stress levels are associated with nuts (OR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.66; 0.85), vegetables (OR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.72; 0.94), and fruits (OR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.80; 1.01), after adjusting for confounders. CONCLUSIONS: There is an association between food purchase prioritization and stress level during the COVID-19 confinement. At greater stress levels, individuals purchase more food, both healthy and unhealthy. The later may have a negative impact on people's health, leading to or further aggravating malnutrition by excess and nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases.

Food insecurity and sociodemographic factors in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic / Inseguridad alimentaria y factores sociodemográficos en América Latina durante la pandemia de COVID-19 / Insegurança alimentar e fatores sociodemográficos na América Latina durante a pandemia de COVID-19

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To understand the association of food insecurity with sociodemographic factors in a sample popu- lation in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. This was a multicenter cross-sectional study conducted in 10 countries in Latin America using an online survey through various digital platforms from October 14, 2020 to February 15, 2021. Statistical analysis of data was performed by applying descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and logistic regression analysis. Results. Of a total of 6 357 surveys, 58.2% of respondents experienced food security, 29.3% were slightly food insecure, 9.2% were moderately food insecure, and 3.3% were severely food insecure. Concerning the association food insecurity and sociodemographic variables, there is a significant association in the variables studied, including area of residence, education level, occupation, number of persons in the household, house- hold with children younger than 10 years of age, and socioeconomic level. Conclusions. These findings indicate that sociodemographic factors associated with food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America were rural residence; complete and incomplete basic and secondary schooling; occupation (homemaker, unemployed, and self-employed); low, medium-low, and medium socioeco- nomic level; household with more than four persons; and household with children younger than 10 years of age.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Determinar la asociación de la inseguridad alimentaria con factores sociodemográficos en una muestra de población de América Latina durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal multicéntrico en diez países de América Latina mediante una encuesta en línea a través de diversas plataformas digitales, entre el 14 de octubre del 2020 y el 15 de febrero del 2021. Se realizó un análisis estadístico de los datos usando procedimientos de estadística descriptiva, la prueba ji al cuadrado y un análisis de regresión logística. Resultados. En un total de 6 357 encuestas, el 58,2% de las personas encuestadas gozaba de seguridad ali- mentaria, el 29,3% tenía una inseguridad alimentaria leve, el 9,2% una inseguridad alimentaria moderada y el 3,3% una inseguridad alimentaria grave. Por lo que respecta a la asociación entre la inseguridad alimentaria y las variables sociodemográficas, hay una asociación significativa para algunas de las variables estudiadas, como la zona de residencia, el nivel de estudios, la actividad laboral, el número de personas en el hogar, el hogar con menores de 10 años y el nivel socioeconómico. Conclusiones. Estos resultados indican que los factores sociodemográficos asociados a la inseguridad alimentaria durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en América Latina fueron la residencia en zonas rurales; la edu- cación primaria y secundaria completa o no; la actividad laboral (trabajo doméstico, personas desempleadas y trabajadores autónomos); el nivel socioeconómico bajo, medio bajo, y medio; el hogar con más de cuatro personas; y el hogar con menores de 10 años.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Compreender a relação entre insegurança alimentar e fatores sociodemográficos em uma amostra populacional da América Latina durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Estudo transversal multicêntrico realizado em 10 países da América Latina por meio de uma pesquisa on-line conduzida em diferentes plataformas digitais de 14 de outubro de 2020 a 15 de fevereiro de 2021. A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada por meio da aplicação de estatísticas descritivas, teste qui-quadrado e análise de regressão logística. Resultados. De um total de 6 357 questionários, 58,2% dos entrevistados afirmaram ter segurança alimentar, 29,3% indicaram um nível de insegurança alimentar leve, 9,2% tinham insegurança alimentar moderada e 3,3%, insegurança alimentar grave. No que diz respeito à relação entre insegurança alimentar e variáveis sociodemográficas, há uma relação significativa com as variáveis estudadas, incluindo área de residência, nível de escolaridade, ocupação, número de pessoas no domicílio, domicílio com crianças com menos de 10 anos de idade e nível socioeconômico. Conclusões. Os achados apontam que os fatores sociodemográficos associados à insegurança alimentar durante a pandemia de COVID-19 na América Latina foram residência em zona rural; ensino fundamental e médio completo e incompleto; ocupação (do lar, desempregado(a) e autônomo(a)); nível socioeconômico baixo, médio-baixo e médio; domicílio com mais de quatro pessoas; e domicílio com crianças menores de 10 anos de idade.

A new species of terrestrial toad of the Rhinellafestae group (Anura, Bufonidae) from the highlands of the Central Cordillera of the Andes of Colombia.

The genus Rhinella (Bufonidae) comprises 92 species of Neotropical toads. In Colombia, Rhinella is represented by 22 recognized species, of which nine belong to the Rhinellafestae group. Over the past decade, there has been increasing evidence of cryptic diversity within this group, particularly in the context of Andean forms. Specimens of Rhinella collected in high Andean forests on both slopes of the Central Cordillera in Colombia belong to an undescribed species, Rhinellakumandaysp. nov. Genetic analyses using the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene indicated that the individuals belong to the festae species group. However, they can be distinguished from other closely related species such as Rhinellaparaguas and Rhinellatenrec by a combination of morphological traits including the presence of tarsal fold, a moderate body size, and substantial genetic divergence in the 16S rRNA gene (> 5%). Through this integrative approach, the specimens from the Central Cordillera of Colombia are considered an evolutionary divergent lineage that is sister to R.paraguas, and described as a new species. Rhinellakumandaysp. nov. is restricted to the Central Cordillera of Colombia inhabiting both slopes in the departments of Caldas and Tolima, in an elevational range between 2420 and 3758 m. With the recognition of this new species, the genus Rhinella now comprises 93 species with 23 of them found in Colombia, and ten species endemic to the country.

Food insecurity and sociodemographic factors in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective: To understand the association of food insecurity with sociodemographic factors in a sample population in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This was a multicenter cross-sectional study conducted in 10 countries in Latin America using an online survey through various digital platforms from October 14, 2020 to February 15, 2021. Statistical analysis of data was performed by applying descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and logistic regression analysis. Results: Of a total of 6 357 surveys, 58.2% of respondents experienced food security, 29.3% were slightly food insecure, 9.2% were moderately food insecure, and 3.3% were severely food insecure. Concerning the association food insecurity and sociodemographic variables, there is a significant association in the variables studied, including area of residence, education level, occupation, number of persons in the household, household with children younger than 10 years of age, and socioeconomic level. Conclusions: These findings indicate that sociodemographic factors associated with food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America were rural residence; complete and incomplete basic and secondary schooling; occupation (homemaker, unemployed, and self-employed); low, medium-low, and medium socioeconomic level; household with more than four persons; and household with children younger than 10 years of age.

Food insecurity and sociodemographic factors in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic / Inseguridad alimentaria y factores sociodemográficos en América Latina durante la pandemia de COVID-19 / Insegurança alimentar e fatores sociodemográficos na América Latina durante a pandemia de COVID-19

ABSTRACT Objective. To understand the association of food insecurity with sociodemographic factors in a sample population in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. This was a multicenter cross-sectional study conducted in 10 countries in Latin America using an online survey through various digital platforms from October 14, 2020 to February 15, 2021. Statistical analysis of data was performed by applying descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and logistic regression analysis. Results. Of a total of 6 357 surveys, 58.2% of respondents experienced food security, 29.3% were slightly food insecure, 9.2% were moderately food insecure, and 3.3% were severely food insecure. Concerning the association food insecurity and sociodemographic variables, there is a significant association in the variables studied, including area of residence, education level, occupation, number of persons in the household, household with children younger than 10 years of age, and socioeconomic level. Conclusions. These findings indicate that sociodemographic factors associated with food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America were rural residence; complete and incomplete basic and secondary schooling; occupation (homemaker, unemployed, and self-employed); low, medium-low, and medium socioeconomic level; household with more than four persons; and household with children younger than 10 years of age.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar la asociación de la inseguridad alimentaria con factores sociodemográficos en una muestra de población de América Latina durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal multicéntrico en diez países de América Latina mediante una encuesta en línea a través de diversas plataformas digitales, entre el 14 de octubre del 2020 y el 15 de febrero del 2021. Se realizó un análisis estadístico de los datos usando procedimientos de estadística descriptiva, la prueba ji al cuadrado y un análisis de regresión logística. Resultados. En un total de 6 357 encuestas, el 58,2% de las personas encuestadas gozaba de seguridad alimentaria, el 29,3% tenía una inseguridad alimentaria leve, el 9,2% una inseguridad alimentaria moderada y el 3,3% una inseguridad alimentaria grave. Por lo que respecta a la asociación entre la inseguridad alimentaria y las variables sociodemográficas, hay una asociación significativa para algunas de las variables estudiadas, como la zona de residencia, el nivel de estudios, la actividad laboral, el número de personas en el hogar, el hogar con menores de 10 años y el nivel socioeconómico. Conclusiones. Estos resultados indican que los factores sociodemográficos asociados a la inseguridad alimentaria durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en América Latina fueron la residencia en zonas rurales; la educación primaria y secundaria completa o no; la actividad laboral (trabajo doméstico, personas desempleadas y trabajadores autónomos); el nivel socioeconómico bajo, medio bajo, y medio; el hogar con más de cuatro personas; y el hogar con menores de 10 años.

RESUMO Objetivo. Compreender a relação entre insegurança alimentar e fatores sociodemográficos em uma amostra populacional da América Latina durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Estudo transversal multicêntrico realizado em 10 países da América Latina por meio de uma pesquisa on-line conduzida em diferentes plataformas digitais de 14 de outubro de 2020 a 15 de fevereiro de 2021. A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada por meio da aplicação de estatísticas descritivas, teste qui-quadrado e análise de regressão logística. Resultados. De um total de 6 357 questionários, 58,2% dos entrevistados afirmaram ter segurança alimentar, 29,3% indicaram um nível de insegurança alimentar leve, 9,2% tinham insegurança alimentar moderada e 3,3%, insegurança alimentar grave. No que diz respeito à relação entre insegurança alimentar e variáveis sociodemográficas, há uma relação significativa com as variáveis estudadas, incluindo área de residência, nível de escolaridade, ocupação, número de pessoas no domicílio, domicílio com crianças com menos de 10 anos de idade e nível socioeconômico. Conclusões. Os achados apontam que os fatores sociodemográficos associados à insegurança alimentar durante a pandemia de COVID-19 na América Latina foram residência em zona rural; ensino fundamental e médio completo e incompleto; ocupação (do lar, desempregado(a) e autônomo(a)); nível socioeconômico baixo, médio-baixo e médio; domicílio com mais de quatro pessoas; e domicílio com crianças menores de 10 anos de idade.

Interferon-ß decreases LPS-induced neutrophil recruitment to cardiac fibroblasts.

Introduction: Cardiac fibroblasts (CF) are crucial cells in damaged heart tissues, expressing TLR4, IFN-receptor and responding to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-ß (IFN-ß) respectively. While CF interact with immune cells; however, their relationship with neutrophils remains understudied. Additionally, theimpact of LPS and IFN-ß on CF-neutrophil interaction is poorly understood. Methods: Isolated CF from adult rats were treated with LPS, with or without IFN-ß. This study examined IL-8 secretion, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression, and neutrophil recruitment, as well as their effects on MMPs activity. Results: LPS triggered increased IL-8 expression and secretion, along with elevated ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression, all of which were blocked by TAK-242. Pre-treatment with IFN-ß countered these LPS effects. LPS treated CF showed higher neutrophil recruitment (migration and adhesion) compared to unstimulated CF, an effect prevented by IFN-ß. Ruxolitinib blocked these IFN-ß anti-inflammatory effects, implicating JAK signaling. Analysis of culture medium zymograms from CF alone, and CF-neutrophils interaction, revealed that MMP2 was mainly originated from CF, while MMP9 could come from neutrophils. LPS and IFN-ß boosted MMP2 secretion by CF. MMP9 activity in CF was low, and LPS or IFN-ß had no significant impact. Pre-treating CF with LPS, IFN-ß, or both before co-culture with neutrophils increased MMP2. Neutrophil co-culture increased MMP9 activity, with IFN-ß pre-treatment reducing MMP9 compared to unstimulated CF. Conclusion: In CF, LPS induces the secretion of IL-8 favoring neutrophils recruitment and these effects were blocked by IFN-. The results highlight that CF-neutrophil interaction appears to influence the extracellular matrix through MMPs activity modulation.

Senescent cardiac fibroblasts: A key role in cardiac fibrosis.

Cardiac fibroblasts are a cell population that controls the homeostasis of the extracellular matrix and orchestrates a damage response to maintain cardiac architecture and performance. Due to these functions, fibroblasts play a central role in cardiac fibrosis development, and there are large differences in matrix protein secretion profiles between fibroblasts from aged versus young animals. Senescence is a multifactorial and complex process that has been associated with inflammatory and fibrotic responses. After damage, transient cellular senescence is usually beneficial, as these cells promote tissue repair. However, the persistent presence of senescent cells within a tissue is linked with fibrosis development and organ dysfunction, leading to aging-related diseases such as cardiovascular pathologies. In the heart, early cardiac fibroblast senescence after myocardial infarction seems to be protective to avoid excessive fibrosis; however, in non-infarcted models of cardiac fibrosis, cardiac fibroblast senescence has been shown to be deleterious. Today, two new classes of drugs, termed senolytics and senostatics, which eliminate senescent cells or modify senescence-associated secretory phenotype, respectively, arise as novel therapeutical strategies to treat aging-related pathologies. However, further studies will be needed to evaluate the extent of the utility of senotherapeutic drugs in cardiac diseases, in which pathological context and temporality of the intervention must be considered.

Confinamiento e inseguridad alimentaria durante la pandemia por covid-19 en Chile

RESUMEN Introducción: El confinamiento por COVID-19, repercute en la situación socioeconómica, de salud y de seguridad alimentaria especialmente en población vulnerable, debido a la reducción de empleos, ingreso y acceso a los alimentos. Objetivo: Determinar la inseguridad alimentaria y la priorización de la compra de alimentos en hogares en situación de confinamiento, durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en Chile. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional analítico. Se envió cuestionario online a través de redes sociales, que incluía información sociodemográfica, prioridad de compra de algunos alimentos seleccionados, pérdida de alimentos en el hogar y una escala de seguridad alimentaria doméstica. Resultados: Participaron 1.114 personas, de ellos el 87,8% eran mujeres, el 80,9% de los participantes llevaba 4 o más semanas de confinamiento. A medida que aumentan las semanas de confinamiento, se incrementa la inseguridad alimentaria leve 26,9% a 36,1% y moderada, 1,7% a 7,8% y se disminuye la seguridad alimentaria 70,6% a 55,7%. Entre el 49,2% y 55,5% de los participantes, en la quinta semana de confinamiento priorización lácteos, arroz/pasta, harina, legumbres, aceite, papas y un 27,0% el azúcar/miel. No se priorizaron los alimentos frescos como las frutas y verduras (FV). Conclusión: El confinamiento genera un aumento progresivo de la inseguridad alimentaria leve y moderada. La priorización de compra en confinamiento se caracteriza por, alimentos con más tiempo de conservación, de mayor consumo, fáciles de preparar y que son ingredientes básicos de otras preparaciones. Alimentos frescos, como frutas y verduras no fueron priorizados. La priorización se relacionó con el nivel educativo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: COVID-19 lockdown affects socioeconomics, health and food security, especially in a vulnerable population, due to the reduction of jobs, income and access to food. Objective: To determine food insecurity and prioritization of food purchases in household in lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile. Material and methods: Observational analytical study. An online questionnaire was sent through social networks, which included socio-demographic information, priority of purchase of selected foods, less food at home and a scale of household food security. Results: 1,114 people participated, 87.8% of them were women, 80.9% of the participants had been in quarantine for 4 or more weeks. As the weeks of quarantine increased, mild food insecurity increased from 26.9% to 36.1% and moderate from 1.7% to 7.8%. Food security decreased from 70.6% to 55.7%. Between 49.2% and 55.5% of the participants, in the fifth week of confinement, prioritized dairy, rice/pasta, flour, legumes, oil, potatoes and 27.0% sugar/honey. Fresh foods such as fruits and vegetables were not prioritized. Conclusion: Lockdown generated a progressive increase in mild and moderate food insecurity. The prioritization of purchase in lockdown was characterized by foods with a longer shelf life, more consumption, easy to prepare meals and foods which are basic ingredients of other preparations. Fresh foods like fruits and vegetables were not prioritized. Prioritization was related to educational level.

Resolvin-D1 attenuation of angiotensin II-induced cardiac inflammation in mice is associated with prevention of cardiac remodeling and hypertension.

AIMS: Despite the broad pharmacological arsenal to treat hypertension, chronic patients may develop irreversible cardiac remodeling and fibrosis. Angiotensin II, the main peptide responsible for the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System, has been closely linked to cardiac remodeling, hypertrophy, fibrosis, and hypertension, and some of these effects are induced by inflammatory mediators. Resolvin-D1 (RvD1) elicits potent anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving effects in various pathological models. In this study, we aimed to examine whether RvD1 ameliorates cardiac remodeling and hypertension triggered by angiotensin II. METHODS AND RESULTS: Alzet® osmotic mini-pumps filled with angiotensin II (1.5 mg/kg/day) were implanted in male C57BL/6 J mice for 7 or 14 days. RvD1 (3 µg/kg/day, i.p) was administered one day after the surgery and during the complete infusion period. Blood pressure and myocardial functional parameters were assessed by echocardiography. At the end of the experimental procedure, blood and heart tissue were harvested, and plasma and histological parameters were studied. After 7 and 14 days, RvD1 reduced the increase of neutrophil and macrophage infiltration triggered by angiotensin II, and also reduced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression levels. RvD1 also reduced cytokine plasma levels (IL-1ß, TNF-α, IL-6, KC, MCP-1), cardiac hypertrophy, interstitial and perivascular fibrosis, and hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: This study unveils novel cardioprotective effects of RvD1 in angiotensin II-induced hypertension and cardiac remodeling by attenuating inflammation and provides insights into a potential clinical application.

Microplastic concentrations in cultured oysters in two seasons from two bays of Baja California, Mexico.

As filter feeders, bivalve mollusks have a high potential risk of contamination by microplastics (MPs), which can be considered a transfer vector for humans through their consumption. Spatial-temporal differences in the MP concentration were evaluated in the cultured oyster Magallana gigas in Todos Santos Bay (TSB) and San Quintin Bay (SQB) during winter and summer (2019). MPs were found in all samples in both seasons, where microfibers were the most abundant particles observed. Only in winter, statistically significant differences were observed in the average concentration of ingested MPs between oysters from TSB and SQB. In each bay, the highest concentrations were observed during winter. Seasonal differences between MP concentrations were only found in TSB. During summer, the content of MPs was compared between the digestive system and the rest of the soft tissue in organisms from each site, and statistically significant differences were not observed, except by one site in SQB. Polymers were identified via µ-FTIR-ATR spectrometry. Polyester, polyacrylonitrile, and rayon were the most common plastics detected. However, due to the low concentration of MPs found in oysters, its consumption does not represent a risk to human health. Moreover, MP concentrations in organisms appear to respond to variables, such as temporality and the water circulation dynamics within the bays.

Damage Control for renal trauma: the more conservative the surgeon, better for the kidney.

Urologic trauma is frequently reported in patients with penetrating trauma. Currently, the computerized tomography and vascular approach through angiography/embolization are the standard approaches for renal trauma. However, the management of renal or urinary tract trauma in a patient with hemodynamic instability and criteria for emergency laparotomy, is a topic of discussion. This article presents the consensus of the Trauma and Emergency Surgery Group (CTE) from Cali, for the management of penetrating renal and urinary tract trauma through damage control surgery. Intrasurgical perirenal hematoma characteristics, such as if it is expanding or actively bleeding, can be reference for deciding whether a conservative approach with subsequent radiological studies is possible. However, if there is evidence of severe kidney trauma, surgical exploration is mandatory and entails a high probability of requiring a nephrectomy. Urinary tract damage control should be conservative and deferred, because this type of trauma does not represent a risk in acute trauma management.

El trauma renal y de las vías urinarias se presenta con relativa frecuencia en pacientes con trauma penetrante. El estándar actual de manejo es realizar una evaluación imagenológica, por medio de tomografía computarizada y un abordaje vascular, a través de técnicas de angiografía/embolización. Sin embargo, el manejo de un paciente hemodinámicamente inestable con criterios de laparotomía de emergencia, con hallazgos de trauma renal o de vías urinarias es aún tema de discusión. El siguiente articulo presenta el consenso del grupo de Cirugía de Trauma y Emergencias (CTE) de Cali respecto al manejo del trauma penetrante renal y de vías urinarias mediante cirugía de control de daños. Las características intra quirúrgicas del hematoma perirrenal tales como si es expansivo o si tiene signos de sangrado activo, son puntos de referencia para decidir entre un abordaje conservador, por estudios imagenológicos posteriores. En cambio, si existe la sospecha de un trauma renal severo, se debe realizar exploración quirúrgica con alta probabilidad de una nefrectomía. El manejo de control de daños de las vías urinarias debe ser conservador y diferido, la lesión de estos órganos no representa un riesgo en el manejo agudo del trauma.

Damage Control for renal trauma: the more conservative the surgeon, better for the kidney / Control de daños renal: entr e más conservador sea el cirujano mejor para el riñón

Abstract Urologic trauma is frequently reported in patients with penetrating trauma. Currently, the computerized tomography and vascular approach through angiography/embolization are the standard approaches for renal trauma. However, the management of renal or urinary tract trauma in a patient with hemodynamic instability and criteria for emergency laparotomy, is a topic of discussion. This article presents the consensus of the Trauma and Emergency Surgery Group (CTE) from Cali, for the management of penetrating renal and urinary tract trauma through damage control surgery. Intrasurgical perirenal hematoma characteristics, such as if it is expanding or actively bleeding, can be reference for deciding whether a conservative approach with subsequent radiological studies is possible. However, if there is evidence of severe kidney trauma, surgical exploration is mandatory and entails a high probability of requiring a nephrectomy. Urinary tract damage control should be conservative and deferred, because this type of trauma does not represent a risk in acute trauma management.

Resumen El trauma renal y de las vías urinarias se presenta con relativa frecuencia en pacientes con trauma penetrante. El estándar actual de manejo es realizar una evaluación imagenológica, por medio de tomografía computarizada y un abordaje vascular, a través de técnicas de angiografía/embolización. Sin embargo, el manejo de un paciente hemodinámicamente inestable con criterios de laparotomía de emergencia, con hallazgos de trauma renal o de vías urinarias es aún tema de discusión. El siguiente articulo presenta el consenso del grupo de Cirugía de Trauma y Emergencias (CTE) de Cali respecto al manejo del trauma penetrante renal y de vías urinarias mediante cirugía de control de daños. Las características intra quirúrgicas del hematoma perirrenal tales como si es expansivo o si tiene signos de sangrado activo, son puntos de referencia para decidir entre un abordaje conservador, por estudios imagenológicos posteriores. En cambio, si existe la sospecha de un trauma renal severo, se debe realizar exploración quirúrgica con alta probabilidad de una nefrectomía. El manejo de control de daños de las vías urinarias debe ser conservador y diferido, la lesión de estos órganos no representa un riesgo en el manejo agudo del trauma.

Evolution in schizophrenia diagnosis in the department of Caldas, Colombia. 2010-2015 / Evolución en el diagnóstico de la esquizofrenia en el departamento de Caldas, Colombia. 2010-2015

Abstract Introduction: The diagnosis of schizophrenia has experienced a remarkable increase in recent years. Objective: To determine the prevalence and incidence of schizophrenia in the department of Caldas, Colombia, between 2010 and 2015, and to describe its epidemiological profile in this area of the country. Materials and methods: Retrospective and descriptive study. Information on the number of patients treated and the number of consultations in which the diagnosis or reason for consultation was related to schizophrenia diagnostic codes (ICD-10) in Caldas between 2010 and 2015 was analyzed. Data were obtained from the Territorial Health Management Office of Caldas and the Individual Health Service Provision Records of the Colombian Ministry of Health and Social Protection. Annual incidence and prevalence of schizophrenia for the study period were established and the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the number of consultations and the number of patients treated according to the type of schizophrenia, with a significance level of p (α) <0.05. Results: During the study period, 7 583 consultations were made, and 3 264 patients were treated due to schizophrenia in Caldas. The prevalence of schizophrenia in 2010 was 0.03% and in 2015, 0.11%. The cumulative incidence shown a marked upward trend, finding 834 new cases of schizophrenia between 2010 and 2015 (256 vs. 1 090), with an incidence of 70 cases per 100 000 inhabitants in 2015. The most frequent types of schizophrenia were paranoid and undifferentiated schizophrenia (2 250 and 560, respectively). Conclusions: The marked increase in the prevalence and incidence of schizophrenia in the study period may be explained by several factors; thus, it is necessary to review its epidemiological profile in other departments of the country as a first step to identify the factors associated with its occurrence in the Colombian population.

Resumen Introducción. El diagnóstico de esquizofrenia ha experimentado un notable incremento en los últimos años. Objetivos. Determinar la prevalencia e incidencia de esquizofrenia en el departamento de Caldas, Colombia, entre 2010 y 2015 y describir su perfil epidemiológico en esta área. Materiales y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo. Se analizó la información sobre el número de pacientes atendidos y consultas realizadas en Caldas entre 2010 y 2015 y en los que el diagnóstico o el motivo de consulta se relacionó con códigos diagnósticos de esquizofrenia (CIE-10). Los datos se obtuvieron a partir de la Dirección Territorial de Salud de Caldas y los Registros Individuales de Prestación de Servicios del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Se estableció la incidencia y pre-valencia de esquizofrenia anual para el periodo de estudio y se utilizó la prueba U de Mann-Whitney para comparar el número de consultas y pacientes atendidos según el tipo de esquizofrenia, con un nivel de significancia de p (α) <0.05. Resultados. En el periodo de estudio se realizaron 7 583 consultas y se atendieron 3 264 pacientes por esquizofrenia en Caldas. La prevalencia de esta enfermedad en 2010 fue de 0.03% y en 2015, de 0.11%. La incidencia acumulada presentó una tendencia marcada al aumento, reportándose 834 casos nuevos de esquizofrenia entre el 2010 y 2015 (256 vs. 1 090), con una incidencia de 70 casos por cada 100 000 habitantes en 2015. Los tipos de esquizofrenia más frecuentes fueron la esquizofrenia paranoide e indiferenciada (2 250 y 560, respectivamente). Conclusiones. El marcado aumento de la prevalencia e incidencia de esquizofrenia en el periodo de estudio puede obedecer a varios factores, por lo que es necesario revisar su perfil epidemiológico en otros departamentos del país como un primer paso para identificar los factores asociados con su ocurrencia en población colombiana.

Evolución en el diagnóstico del trastorno afectivo bipolar entre 2010 y 2015. Caldas, Colombia / Evolution in the diagnosis of bipolar affective disorder between 2010 and 2015. Caldas, Colombia

Resumen Introducción: En el departamento de Caldas, Colombia, se ha observado un incremento notable en el diagnóstico del trastorno afectivo bipolar (TAB), en los últimos años. Objetivo: Analizar el perfil epidemiológico del TAB en Caldas entre los años 2010 y 2015. Materiales y métodos: Se consultó la base de datos de la Dirección Territorial de Salud de Caldas y los registros del ministerio salud y protección social, para TAB. Se buscó la incidencia y la prevalencia entre los años 2010 y 2015 y se comparó la presentación de acuerdo al tipo de TAB. Resultados: La prevalencia de TAB en el departamento de Caldas el 2010 fue en general de 0,03% y para mayores de 18 años fue de 0,08%; para el 2015 en la población general, ascendió a 0,10% y para mayores de 18 años ascendió a 0,22%. La incidencia estuvo determinada por un incremento de 342 pacientes en 2010 a 969 pacientes en el 2015. Conclusiones: Se observa un marcado incremento del diagnóstico de TAB en Caldas, posiblemente debido a problemas socioculturales, causas epigenéticas o problemas de formulación tipo off-label.

Abstract Introduction: Caldas, Colombia has seen an increasing number of diagnoses of bipolar disorder. Objective: The present study analyzes the epidemiological profile for bipolar disorder in Caldas between the years 2010 and 2015. Materials and methods: The data base of the Dirección Territorial de Salud de Caldas was consulted for cases of bipolar disorder. The incidence and prevalence for bipolar disorder was established, and a comparison by each subtype of bipolar disorder was performed. Results: The prevalence for bipolar disorder in Caldas was 0.03% for the general population, and 0.08% for cases older than 18 years, which reflects an increment of 0.10% in 2015 for the general population and 0.22% for those patients older than 18 years. The incidence was determined by an increment in the number of patients, from 342 in 2010 to 969 in 2015. Conclusions: An increasing number of patients between 2010 and 2105 were observed, probably due to sociocultural problems, epigenetic causes or prescription practices such as off label practices.

Reconstrucción histórica de la precipitación en la Reserva de la Biosfera El Cielo, México, mediante anillos de crecimiento en Taxodium mucronatum (Cupressaceae) / Historical precipitation reconstruction of El Cielo Biosphere Reserve, Mexico, using Taxodium mucronatum (Cupressaceae) annual growth rings

Introducción: El conocimiento histórico del clima es fundamental para analizar su variabilidad en el tiempo y su impacto en los ecosistemas y poblaciones humanas. Objetivo: Analizar el crecimiento anual de los árboles de sabino, también conocido como ahuehuete (Taxodium mucronatum) del río Sabinas para reconstruir la variabilidad de precipitación histórica en la Reserva de la Biosfera El Cielo, Tamaulipas, México. Métodos: Se fecharon los crecimientos anuales de 116 muestras de sabino, a partir de las cuales se desarrolló una cronología de 544 años (1474-2017). El periodo que sustentó un número de muestras adecuado para el análisis climático se extiende de 1550 a 2017 (468 años). Resultados: Con base en el análisis de función respuesta se determinó que la precipitación de invierno-primavera (noviembre-mayo) influyó de manera significativa en el crecimiento de los sabinos en el área de estudio (r= 0.77, P < 0.001). La reconstrucción registró una variabilidad climática alta a nivel interanual y entre décadas, en la cual, se identificó la presencia de sequías a principios y finales de cada siglo, así como la presencia de sequías extremas cíclicas cada 50 años. Estas sequías destacaron por su impacto social y económico a nivel nacional y regional. Las sequías más importantes son el "Año Uno Conejo" de acuerdo con el calendario Azteca, en 1558; la sequía de1696 con un impacto fuerte en el noreste de México; "El Año del Hambre" en 1785-1786, en la Reserva de la Biosfera El Cielo desde 1784; la sequía de 1801 que trajo consigo la escasez de alimentos; la de 1951 dentro del periodo de "Migración masiva del sector rural"; y la sequía más reciente, registrada en 2011. Las lluvias extremas más representativas sucedieron en 1756 y 1816. Conclusiones: De seguir el patrón de precipitación registrado en la Reserva de la Biosfera El Cielo, es posible esperar la presencia de sequías extremas a mediados y finales del siglo XXI.

Introduction: Historical knowledge of climate is essential to analyze its variability over time, as well as its impact on natural ecosystems and human populations. Objective: To analyze the annual growth of the sabino trees, also known as ahuehuete trees (Taxodium mucronatum) from the Sabinas River to reconstruct the historical variability of precipitation in El Cielo Biosphere Reserve, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Methods: The annual growth of 116 sabino samples was dated to develop a chronology of 544 years (1474-2017). The period that admitted a series of samples suitable for climate analysis extends from 1550 to 2017 (468 years). Results: Based on the analysis of the response function, it was determined that the winter-spring precipitation (November-May) significantly influenced the radial growth of sabinos in the study area (R= 0.77, P < 0.001). The reconstruction recorded high climatic variability at interannual and interdecadal levels, in which the presence of droughts was identified at the beginning and end of each century, as well as the presence of extreme cyclical droughts every 50 years. These droughts stood out for their social and economic impact at the regional and national level. The most important droughts are the "Año Uno Conejo" ("Year One Rabbit") according to the Aztec calendar in 1558. In 1696 with a strong impact in Northern Mexico. "El Año del Hambre" ("The Year of Hunger") in 1785-1786. Also, the drought of 1801 that brought alongside food shortages. 1951 within the period of "Mass migration of the rural sector"; and the most recent drought, recorded in 2011. The most representative extreme rainfalls occurred in 1756 and 1816. Conclusions: If the precipitation pattern registered at El Cielo Biosphere Reserve continues, it is possible to expect the presence of extreme droughts in the mid and late 21st century.

Composição e qualidade da carcaça de ovinos com diferentes pesos corporais ao abate / Carcass composition and quality of sheep with different slaughter body weights

Objetivou-se quantificar os cortes comerciais e seus tecidos em relação às diferentes faixas de peso corporal de abate de cordeiros. Foram utilizados 150 cordeiros sem raça definida e divididos nas faixas de peso corporal de abate, entre 16 a 20 kg; 21 a 25 kg; 26 a 30 kg; 31 a 35 kg; 36 a 40 kg e 41 a 45 kg. Os cortes comerciais avaliados foram o pescoço, paleta, pernil, costilhar, costelas fixas, costelas flutuantes, lombo com vazio e baixo. A partir desses dados calculou-se o rendimento dos cortes comerciais em relação ao peso de carcaça fria, rendimento de gordura (subcutânea e intermuscular) e de músculo e a relação músculo/gordura. Nos animais abatidos com 21 a 25 kg foi verificado maior rendimento da paleta em relação ao grupo de animais com 41 a 45 kg. Para o pernil, os resultados foram semelhantes aos da paleta. De um modo geral, os cortes comerciais dos animais abatidos mais leves apresentaram maiores rendimentos de músculo e menores de gordura. Os pesos corporais considerados como leves e medianos apresentaram uma melhor relação tecidual, proporcionando melhor porção comestível.(AU)

The aim of this study was to characterize and quantify commercial sheep meat cuts and their tissues in relation to different ranges of slaughter body weight of lambs. One hundred and fifty lambs were divided according to the following slaughter weight ranges: 16 to 20 kg, 21 to 25 kg, 26 to 30 kg, 31 to 35 kg, 36 to 40 kg, and 41 to 45 kg. The commercial meat cuts evaluated were the neck, shoulder, leg, ribs, fixed ribs, floating ribs, loin with void, low. Based on these data, the cut yields in relation to cold carcass weight, fat yield (subcutaneous and intermuscular), muscle yield, and muscle/fat tissue ratio were obtained. Animals slaughtered with 21 to 25 kg exhibited higher shoulder yield than heavier animals slaughtered with 41 to 45 kg. Similar results were obtained for the leg. In general, the commercial cuts of animals slaughtered with lighter weight provided higher muscle yields and lower fat yields. Body weights classified as light and medium exhibited a better tissue ratio, providing a better edible portion to consumers.(AU)

Metabolic health and its association with lifestyle habits according to nutritional status in Chile: A cross-sectional study from the National Health Survey 2016-2017.

BACKGROUND: Lifestyle habits associate with metabolic health in overall populations. Whether such association is similar among subjects with a different nutritional status has been less studied. We aimed to (i) determine the prevalence of metabolic phenotypes in Chile, and (ii) determine the association between lifestyle habits and metabolic health according to the nutritional status. METHODS: The National Health Survey of Chile 2016-2017 was analyzed. A metabolically unhealthy phenotype was defined as manifesting ≥3 of the following risk factors: elevated blood pressure, elevated triglycerides, elevated glucose, elevated waist circumference, or reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Individuals manifesting <2 risk factors were considered as healthy. The nutritional status was defined as normal weight (18.5 to <25 kg/m2), overweight (25 to <30 kg/m2) or obesity (≥30 kg/m2). Questionnaires were used to estimate smoking habits, alcohol intake, sedentary behavior, moderate-vigorous physical activity, fruits/vegetables consumption, and fish/seafood consumption. The association (odds ratio [95%CI]) between lifestyle habits and metabolic health was determined within each nutritional status, adjusting for age, sex, BMI (in kg/m2), and education. RESULTS: The prevalence of a metabolically unhealthy phenotype was 36% in the overall sample. Such a prevalence was 7%, 33% and 58% among subjects with normal weight, overweight and obesity, respectively. In subjects with normal weight, the highest quartile of fruits/vegetables consumption was associated with reduced odds of having a metabolically unhealthy phenotype (0.09 [0.01-0.48]). In subjects with obesity, the highest quartile of moderate-vigorous physical activity was associated with reduced odds of having a metabolically unhealthy phenotype (0.29 [0.09-0.91]). CONCLUSION: One third of the Chilean population manifests an unhealthy phenotype. We identified associations between lifestyle habits and metabolic health that are specific to the nutritional status. Thus, emphasizing fruits/vegetables consumption in subjects with normal weight, and physical activity in subjects with obesity, may maximize the benefits of public health interventions.

Acceptability by sensory and visual analyses of meat from Nellore heifers fed with natural additives and finished in feedlots.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the acceptability (by sensorial and visual analyses) of meat from 40 Nellore heifers (finished in feedlots for 73 days) fed with different diets supplemented with essential oils (EOs) and an active principle blend. The five diets tested were: CON - a diet without essential oil and active principle blend (eugenol, thymol, and vanillin); ROS - a diet supplemented with rosemary EO; BLE - supplemented with a blend; BCL - a diet with clove EO+ blend; and BRC - a diet with rosemary, clove EOs + blend. The acceptability of diet and aging time was evaluated by consumers. RESULTS: Diet affected consumer acceptability and visual analysis (meat color). The diets with EO and the blend showed better sensory acceptance by the consumers; meat aged for 7 days received higher scores than meat aged for 1 day. Meat from heifers that received both EOs + blend (BCL, BRC) obtained the highest scores in the visual evaluation. CONCLUSION: The use of natural compounds in ruminant diets improves the sensory characteristics of meat without damaging visual acceptability and may be an alternative to the conventional additive market. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

The chiggerflea Hectopsylla pulex (Siphonaptera: Tungidae): infestation on Molossus molossus (Chiroptera: Molossidae) in the Central Andes of Colombia

Some species of mastiff bats, Molossus Geoffroy, 1805, inhabit human shelters such as houses and barns. Among them, the Pallass mastiff bat, Molossus molossus Pallas, 1766, is the most common species in South America. There are a few studies on this bat in Colombia, mostly on colony size, diet, ectoparasite records, and activity patterns in the Andean and Caribbean regions. Here, we provide information on the prevalence of chiggerfleas, Hectopsylla pulex (Haller, 1880), on M. molossus, along with molecular data on the flea, and its distribution in Colombia. In addition, we describe the size and sex ratio of the infested bat colony, located in the central Andes of Colombia. The bat colony was represented by ca. 45 individuals, of which 33 were captured. The colony had more females (25 individuals) than males (8 individuals). A total of four Pallass mastiff bats had chiggerfleas, H. pulex, most of which were attached to the bats faces and ears. The composition of the colony (sex ratio) and the observed activity times match those reported for other colonies of the species in Colombia. The cytochrome oxidase subunit 1, and the 12S rRNA mitochondrial gene obtained from H. pulex represent the second and first available sequences for the species, respectively. The level of infestation of individuals in the colony was low, similar to that observed in other South American countries, such as Brazil. Finally, the new locality is the seventh confirmed and the highest elevational record of H. pulex in Colombia.