Neural responses to sensory novelty with and without conscious access.

Detection of novel stimuli that violate statistical regularities in the sensory scene is of paramount importance for the survival of biological organisms. Event-related potentials, phasic increases in pupil size, and evoked changes in oscillatory power have been proposed as markers of sensory novelty detection. However, how conscious access to novelty modulates these different brain responses is not well understood. Here, we studied the neural responses to sensory novelty in the auditory modality with and without conscious access. We identified individual thresholds for conscious auditory discrimination and presented to our participants sequences of tones, where the last stimulus could be another standard, a subthreshold target or a suprathreshold target. Participants were instructed to report whether the last tone of each sequence was the same or different from those preceding it. Results indicate that attentional orientation to behaviorally relevant stimuli and overt decision-making mechanisms, indexed by the P3 event-related response and reaction times, best predict whether a novel stimulus will be consciously accessed. Theta power and pupil size do not predict conscious access to novelty, but instead reflect information maintenance and unexpected sensory uncertainty. These results highlight the interplay between bottom-up and top-down mechanisms and how the brain weights neural responses to novelty and uncertainty during perception and goal-directed behavior.

Methodology for the design and economic assessment of anaerobic digestion plants to produce energy and biofertilizer from livestock waste.

The generation and poor disposal of waste from livestock industries is the major cause of pollution of water sources, soil, and air. Therefore, profitable alternatives are required for their correct disposal and use. Anaerobic digestion plants are a technologically viable solution to overcome this problem. In this study, it is proposed a methodology for the design and economic assessment of projects using anaerobic digestion plants to produce electrical energy, thermal energy, and biofertilizer from livestock waste. The methodology is developed based on the assumption that the process is mainly composed of an anaerobic digester and an electric generator having a Diesel-cycle internal combustion engine. It is programmed in "MS Excel" sheet and assessed using technical and economic data from a three real anaerobic digestion plants. The methodology obtains technical parameters such as energy production efficiency with an average difference of 35% compared to the real plants data. In addition, the unit capital costs are calculated, obtaining a value of €3789/kW with a difference of 21.1%, as well as unit operating costs of €729/kW per year with a difference of 15.2%. The financial viability of the project is assessed by calculating the net present value and obtaining €577,050 with a difference of 17.8% and an internal rate of return with a percentage difference of 3%. The proposed methodology specifies the technical parameters and the basic engineering of an anaerobic digestion plant in a stationary state, where the basic streams and dimensions of primary equipment, such as anaerobic reactors and electric generators, are specified. Moreover, the methodology calculates capital and operating expenses for an anaerobic digestion plant, which may be useful to assess the technical and financial feasibility for a project of this type.

Socio-demographic, psychiatric and legal characterisation of Colombian unimputable patients, 2000-2013, / Caracterización sociodemográfica, psiquiátrica y legal de pacientes inimputables de Colombia, 2000-2013

Abstract Introduction: Mental illness has been associated with violent behaviour. Criminal behaviour in the mentally ill population in Colombia has not been well studied. Methods: This is a retrospective, descriptive study, from a secondary source. An analysis was made of the sociodemographic, clinical, and legal variables of 127 unfit to plead patients. A descriptive analysis of quantitative variables was performed by measures of central tendency, and frequencies and percentages were calculated for the qualitative variables. The software SPSS® version 21.0 was used to analyse the data, and the study was approved by the Research Committee of the CES University. Results: The median age was 34 years, interquartile range 19 years, and 92.1% were men. The primary diagnosis was schizophrenia in 63%, 66.9% consumed alcohol, and 58.3% other drugs at the time they committed the crime. Almost one/third (29.1%) had a criminal record, and the most common type of crime was murder in 44.1% of cases. Around half (50.3%) of the victims had some degree of consanguinity with the patient. Discussion: The study subjects had higher illiteracy and lower educational levels than the Colombian prison population. Schizophrenia was the main diagnosis, and homicide the most prevalent crime, which agrees with the literature where non-indictable patients are responsible for 5-20% of murder cases worldwide. Conclusions: To reduce the gap between the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders, especially schizophrenia, should be within the specific actions to prevent violence and criminal behaviour associated with mental illness.

Resumen Introducción: La enfermedad mental se ha asociado con comportamientos violentos. En Colombia poco se ha estudiado la población de enfermos mentales con comportamiento criminal. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo a partir de fuente secundaria. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y legales de 127 pacientes inimputables. Se realizó análisis descriptivo de las variables cuantitativas a través de medidas de tendencia central, y para las variables cualitativas se obtuvieron frecuencias y porcentajes. La información se analizó con el software SPSS versión 21.0. La investigación fue aprobada por el Comité de Investigación de la Universidad CES. Resultados: La mediana de edad fue 34 [intervalo intercuartílico, 19] años; el 92,1% eran varones. El diagnóstico principal fue esquizofrenia en el 63%. En el momento de cometer el crimen, el 66,9% consumía alcohol y el 58,3%, drogas. El 29,1% tenía antecedentes delictivos y el tipo de delito más frecuente (44,1%) fue el homicidio. El 50,3% de las víctimas tenían algún grado de consanguinidad con el paciente. Discusión: En los sujetos del estudio había más analfabetismo y menor nivel educativo que en la población general carcelaria colombiana. La esquizofrenia fue el principal diagnóstico y el homicidio, el delito más prevalente, lo cual coincide con la literatura que refleja que los inimputables son responsables de un 5-20% de los casos de homicidio en el mundo. Conclusiones: Disminuir la brecha para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de los trastornos mentales, especialmente la esquizofrenia, estaría entre las acciones concretas para prevenir la violencia y la conducta criminal asociada a enfermedad mental.

[Socio-demographic, Psychiatric and Legal Characterization of Colombian Unimputable Patients, 2000-2013]. / Caracterización sociodemográfica, psiquiátrica y legal de pacientes inimputables de Colombia, 2000-2013.

INTRODUCTION: Mental illness has been associated with violent behaviour. Criminal behavior in the mentally ill population in Colombia has not been well studied. METHODS: This is a retrospective, descriptive study, from a secondary source. An analysis was made of the sociodemographic, clinical, and legal variables of 127 unfit to plead patients. A descriptive analysis of quantitative variables was performed by measures of central tendency, and frequencies and percentages were calculated for the qualitative variables. The software SPSS® version 21.0 was used to analyse the data, and the study was approved by the Research Committee of the CES University. RESULTS: The median age was 34 years, interquartile range 19 years, and 92.1% were men. The primary diagnosis was schizophrenia in 63%, 66.9% consumed alcohol, and 58.3% other drugs at the time they committed the crime. Almost one/third (29.1%) had a criminal record, and the most common type of crime was murder in 44.1% of cases. Around half (50.3%) of the victims had some degree of consanguinity with the patient. DISCUSSION: The study subjects had higher illiteracy and lower educational levels than the Colombian prison population. Schizophrenia was the main diagnosis, and homicide the most prevalent crime, which agrees with the literature where non-indictable patients are responsible for 5%-20% of murder cases worldwide. CONCLUSIONS: To reduce the gap between the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders, especially schizophrenia, should be within the specific actions to prevent violence and criminal behavior associated with mental illness.

Detección de rotavirus y parásitos intestinales en infantes menores de 5 años de edad de comunidades indígenas del Estado Zulia, Venezuela / Detection of rotavirus and intestinal parasites in children under 5 years old, from indigenous communities in Zulia state, Venezuela

Rotavirus es un agente viral asociado a la gastroenteritis infantil, siendo junto con los parásitos intestinales, los principales causantes de estos cuadros diarreicos. Con el objetivo de detectar rotavirus y parásitos intestinales en infantes de 0 a 5 años de seis comunidades indígenas del estado Zulia, se tomaron 173 muestras de heces en las que se determinó la presencia de rotavirus empleando la técnica de aglutinación en látex. Las muestras fueron caracterizadas macro y microscópicamente a través del examen con SSF, lugol y concentrado con formol-éter, para detectar formas evolutivas parasitarias. Se determinó la prevalencia de parásitos intestinales de un 71%, significativamente más elevada que la de Rotavirus con 16,2%. Se encontró relación estadísticamente significativa entre la presencia de rotavirus y la existencia de diarrea (p=0,0001); más no entre presencia de rotavirus y niños vacunados (p=0,904). Predominaron las protozoosis sobre las helmintiasis; así como el poliparasitismo (52%). Los parásitos más prevalentes fueron Ascaris lumbricoides con 32,4% y Blastocystis spp. con 31,2%. Los principales parásitos asociados a rotavirus fueron Blastocystis spp. y Entamoeba coli, aunque sin significancia estadística. Se concluye que la prevalencia de rotavirus detectada se corresponde a la referida en Venezuela para niños menores de 5 años de áreas urbanas.

Rotavirus is a viral agent associated with childhood gastroenteritis, being with intestinal parasites, the principal cause of diarrhea in children. In order to detect rotavirus, and intestinal parasites in children from 0 to 5 years old of six indigenous communities in Zulia state, 173 stool samples was recolected, where the presence of rotavirus was determinate using agglutination test. The samples were characterized macroscopically and microscopically by examining with SSF, lugol and concentrate formalin-ether to detect parasitic evolutionary forms. It was determined that the presence of intestinal parasites was 71%, significantly higher than the 16,2% of rotavirus. The most prevalent parasites were Ascaris lumbricoides (32,4%) and Blastocystis spp. (31,2%). Statistically significant relationship between the presence of rotavirus and diarrhea existence (p = 0.0001); more no presence of rotavirus among vaccinated children (p = 0.904 ). About they predominated protozoosis over helminths; as well as polyparasitism (52%). Major parasites associated with rotavirus were Blastocystis spp. and Entamoeba coli, although without statistical significance. It is concluded that the prevalence of rotavirus detected corresponds to that reported in Venezuela for children under 5 years of urban areas.

Local and landscape effects in a host-parasitoid interaction network along a forest-cropland gradient.

Land-use driven habitat modification is a major driver of biodiversity loss and impoverishment of interaction diversity. This may affect ecosystem services such as pollination and biological control. Our objective is to analyze the effects of local (nesting environment: farms vs. tree stands) and landscape (forest-cropland gradient) factors on the structure and composition of a cavity-nesting bee-wasp (CNBW) community, their nests associates (henceforth parasitoids), and their interactions. We set up 24 nest-trapping stations in a fragmented, extensively farmed area of ~100 km². We obtained 2035 nests containing 7572 brood cells representing 17 bee and 18 wasp species, attacked by 20 parasitoid species. Community structure and composition, as well as network structure, were much more dependent on local than on landscape factors. Host abundance and richness were higher in farms. In addition, host abundance was positively correlated to cropland cover. We also found highly significant differences between nesting environments in host community composition. Structure and composition of the parasitoid community were conditioned by the structure and composition of the host community. Network structure was affected by nesting environment but not by landscape factors. Interactions tended to be more diverse in farms. This result was mostly explained by differences in network size (greater in farms). However, generality was significantly higher in farms even after controlling for network size, indicating that differences in species' interaction patterns associated to differences in community composition between the two nesting environments are also affecting network structure. In conclusion, open habitats associated with extensively farmed exploitations favor local CNBW diversity (especially bees) and result in more complex host-parasitoid interaction networks in comparison to forested areas. The conservation value of this kind of open habitat is important in view of the progressive abandonment of extensively cultivated farmland taking place in Europe at the expense of agricultural intensification and reforestation.

Determinants of spatial distribution in a bee community: nesting resources, flower resources, and body size.

Understanding biodiversity distribution is a primary goal of community ecology. At a landscape scale, bee communities are affected by habitat composition, anthropogenic land use, and fragmentation. However, little information is available on local-scale spatial distribution of bee communities within habitats that are uniform at the landscape scale. We studied a bee community along with floral and nesting resources over a 32 km2 area of uninterrupted Mediterranean scrubland. Our objectives were (i) to analyze floral and nesting resource composition at the habitat scale. We ask whether these resources follow a geographical pattern across the scrubland at bee-foraging relevant distances; (ii) to analyze the distribution of bee composition across the scrubland. Bees being highly mobile organisms, we ask whether bee composition shows a homogeneous distribution or else varies spatially. If so, we ask whether this variation is irregular or follows a geographical pattern and whether bees respond primarily to flower or to nesting resources; and (iii) to establish whether body size influences the response to local resource availability and ultimately spatial distribution. We obtained 6580 specimens belonging to 98 species. Despite bee mobility and the absence of environmental barriers, our bee community shows a clear geographical pattern. This pattern is mostly attributable to heterogeneous distribution of small (<55 mg) species (with presumed smaller foraging ranges), and is mostly explained by flower resources rather than nesting substrates. Even then, a large proportion (54.8%) of spatial variability remains unexplained by flower or nesting resources. We conclude that bee communities are strongly conditioned by local effects and may exhibit spatial heterogeneity patterns at a scale as low as 500-1000 m in patches of homogeneous habitat. These results have important implications for local pollination dynamics and spatial variation of plant-pollinator networks.

Determinación del virus papiloma humano y virus herpes simple y su posible relación con la presencia y tipo de lesiones preinvasivas del cuello uterino / Determination of Human Papiloma and Herpes Simplex Viruses and Their Possible Relation to the Presence and Type of Preinvasive Lesions on the Uterine Cervix

El Cáncer (Ca) de Cuello Uterino (Cu) persiste como un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. Entre los agentes infecciosos más estudiados que se han relacionado con los procesos neoplásicos, están los virus, y entre ellos el herpes y el papiloma. Esta investigación se realizó para determinar el Virus Papiloma Humano (VPH) y el Virus Herpes Simple (VHS) y su posible relación con la presencia y tipo de lesiones preinvasivas de Cu. Se seleccionaron 65 muestras de tejido de Cu con lesiones de pacientes de sexo femenino y 10 controles aparentemente sanas, para la detección del VPH y VSH. Se utilizó el método de PCR e Hibridación para la genotipificación del VPH. Se observó un 15,38% de positividad para VPH y un 20% para VSH, un caso de coinfección en una paciente con lesión intraepitelial de alto grado (LIEag), demostrándose una diferencia significativa entre las pacientes VPH positivo con LIEag respecto a aquellas con lesiones intraepiteliales de bajo grado (LIEbg). La mayoría de los casos positivos para VHS se detectaron en pacientes con LIEbg. Se demostró una correlación significativa entre el tipo de lesión y la presencia de genotipos de alto y bajo riesgo del VPH.

Cervical cancer persists as a public health problem worldwide. Among the most studied infectious agents that have been associated with neoplasic processes are viruses, including herpes and papilloma. This research was carried out in order to determine the possible relation between infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) and human papilloma virus (HPV) and the presence and type of pre-invasive cervical lesions. Sixty-five samples of cervical tissue with lesions and ten apparently healthy controls were selected from female patients for the detection of HSV and HPV. PCR and hybridization (HC2) methods were implemented for genotyping HPV. For HPV, 15.38% were positive while for HSV, 20.0%. There was one case of co-infection in a patient with a high grade intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), showing a significant difference between HPV-positive patients with HSIL compared to women with LSIL, low grade intraepithelial lesions. Most of the HSV positive cases were detected in patients with LSIL. A significant correlation was proved between the type of lesion and the presence of high and low risk HPV genotypes.

Influence of film thickness on the optical transmission through subwavelength single slits in metallic thin films.

Silver and gold films with thicknesses in the range of 120-450 nm were evaporated onto glass substrates. A sequence of slits with widths varying between 70 and 270 nm was milled in the films using a focused gallium ion beam. We have undertaken high-resolution measurements of the optical transmission through the single slits with 488.0 nm (for Ag) and 632.8 nm (for Au) laser sources aligned to the optical axis of a microscope. Based on the present experimental results, it was possible to observe that (1) the slit transmission is notably affected by the film thickness, which presents a damped oscillatory behavior as the thickness is augmented, and (2) the transmission increases linearly with increasing slit width for a fixed film thickness.

Densidad Microvascular como factor: pronóstico en tumores del estroma gastrointestinal / Micro vascular density: how pronostic factor in Gist tumors

Evaluar densidad microvascular como factor pronóstico en tumores del estroma gastrointestinal, comparar variables clínicas, patológicas conocidas. Estudio sobre base de datos pacientes con diagnóstico tumor de estroma gastrointestinal en Instituto de Oncología "Dr. Luis Razetti", Hospital Vargas de Caracas. Enero 2000 diciembre 2004. Densidad microvascular: determinó alta o baja con inmunohistoquímica en bloques de parafina, se comparó junto variables clínicas, patológicas realizándose análisis de multivariables para identificar factores de riesgo: sobrevida global, sobrevida libre de enfermedad, recaída metastásica, recaída local. 36 pacientes 33,3 por ciento sexo masculino 66,6 por ciento femenino; media edad, seguimiento 54,4 años, 21,17 meses respectivamente; densidad microvascular alta 52,8 por ciento baja 47,2 por ciento; recaída local 16 (22,2 por ciento) recaída metastásica 14 (38,9 por ciento); murieron 9 pacientes por enfermedad (23,6 por ciento) 9 vivos con enfermedad. Factores pronósticos sobrevida global: densidad microvascular alta P= 0,001), tamaño tumoral > 10 cm (P= 0,039), enfermedad diseminada como hallazgo quirúrgico (P=0,002) tamaño enfermedad remanente > 5 cm (P= 0,001). Sobrevida libre de enfermedad: influyeron densidad microvascular alta (P= 0,001), extensión por imágenes de lesión (P= 0,02), tamaño tumoral > 10 cm (P= 0,017), enfermedad diseminada (P= 0,001) tratamiento.