ABSTRACT
Sex differences in the perpetration and victimization of low intensity intimate partner aggression (IPA) were investigated in Ghana. The sample consisted of 1,204 adults (mean age 44.1 yrs., SD 13.5), 602 males and 602 females. IPA was measured with the DIAS-Adult questionnaire, which measures perpetration and victimization of physical, indirect, nonverbal, cyber, and economic aggression in a relationship. Males scored higher than females on being victimized by their partner from physical, indirect, and nonverbal aggression, while females scored higher than males on being perpetrators of physical, indirect, nonverbal, and cyber aggression. A high educational level was positively associated with both perpetration and victimization of IPA. This is the second study to report men being more victimized by low intensity IPA than women in an African nation, thus finding support for Archer's (2018) revised gender symmetry theory of IPA not only in Western, but also in African countries.
Subject(s)
Aggression/psychology , Crime Victims/statistics & numerical data , Interpersonal Relations , Intimate Partner Violence/statistics & numerical data , Sexual Partners/psychology , Adult , Female , Ghana , Humans , Intimate Partner Violence/psychology , Male , Middle Aged , Psychological Theory , Sex Factors , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
In 1983 Finland became the second country in the world, after Sweden, to adopt a law prohibiting all kinds of physical punishment towards children, also by parents. The present investigation was carried out in 2011, 28 years after the law was adopted. Changes in exposure to various types of physical punishment towards respondents born between 1931 and 1996 are presented. A representative sample from Western Finland, consisting of 4,609 respondents (2,632 females, 1,977 males) between 15 and 80 years, filled in a paper-and-pencil questionnaire. A number of psychosocial concomitants were measured. The results showed a significant drop in reports of being slapped and beaten with an object among respondents who were born after the law was adopted. The decline in physical punishment was associated with a similar decline in the number of murdered children. Respondents who had been exposed to higher amounts of physical punishment than average scored significantly higher on alcohol abuse, depression, mental health problems, and schizotypal personality. Divorced respondents had been significantly more physically punished than others. Respondents who had attempted suicide during the last 12 months had been exposed to physical punishment during childhood significantly more often than those who had not attempted suicide.
Subject(s)
Alcoholism/epidemiology , Depression/epidemiology , Divorce/statistics & numerical data , Punishment/psychology , Schizotypal Personality Disorder/epidemiology , Suicide, Attempted/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child Abuse/psychology , Child Abuse/statistics & numerical data , Female , Finland/epidemiology , Humans , Male , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Surveys and Questionnaires , Young AdultABSTRACT
Retrospective reports of exposure to physical abuse by an adult during childhood was assessed in 874 adolescents (426 boys, 448 girls; M age = 11.5 yr., SD = 0.8) who also reported whether they had been victimized by school bullying. Having been hit by an adult was significantly more common among victims of school bullying (39.5%) than among adolescents not victimized by school bullying (16.8%). No sex difference was found. The finding raises questions about whether victimization by physical abuse puts a child at greater risk for developing a "victim personality".
Subject(s)
Bullying/psychology , Child Abuse/psychology , Child Abuse/statistics & numerical data , Crime Victims/psychology , Crime Victims/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Finland , Humans , Male , Personality Development , Punishment , Risk Factors , Self Concept , Statistics as Topic , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Temper tantrums among young children were investigated with the questionnaire Parents' Experiences of Temper Tantrums in Children. Parents of 132 children (101 mothers, 31 fathers) in a largely Swedish-speaking area of Finland completed the questionnaire. 87% of the parents reported that one or more of their children had had temper tantrums. Of all children in the study, 64.7% began having tantrums when they were 2 or 3 years old; 57.1% did not have tantrums anymore after age five. For 46.5% of the cases, the tantrums lasted between 5 and 10 minutes. There was no sex difference for age of onset of tantrums, age when tantrums ceased, age span during which they occurred, frequency, or duration of episodes.
Subject(s)
Adolescent Behavior/psychology , Aggression/psychology , Child Behavior/psychology , Irritable Mood , Temperament , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Age of Onset , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Finland , Humans , Infant , Internal-External Control , Male , Middle Aged , Parents , Surveys and Questionnaires , Time FactorsABSTRACT
A comparative study measuring differences in the prevalence of conflicts, burnout, bullying, and sexual harassment among municipal employees between two European cities was conducted using a self-report instrument, the Psychosocial Workplace Inventory. The cities were Valencia, Spain (n=1,007) and Vaasa, Finland (n=1,979). Significant differences were found between reports of employees from the two cities. The Spanish employees reported higher scores on every type of dysfunctional workplace behavior measured: conflicts, burnout, bullying, and sexual harassment.
