p.L1795F LRRK2 variant is a common cause of Parkinson's disease in Central Europe.

Pathogenic variants in LRRK2 are one of the most common genetic risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, the lesser-known p.L1795F variant was proposed as a strong genetic risk factor for PD, however, further families are currently lacking in literature. A multicentre young onset and familial PD cohort (n = 220) from 9 movement disorder centres across Central Europe within the CEGEMOD consortium was screened for rare LRRK2 variants using whole exome sequencing data. We identified 4 PD cases with heterozygous p.L1795F variant. All 4 cases were characterised by akinetic-rigid PD phenotype with early onset of severe motor fluctuations, 2 receiving LCIG therapy and 2 implanted with STN DBS; all 4 cases showed unsatisfactory effect of advanced therapies on motor fluctuations. Our data also suggest that p.L1795F may represent the most common currently known pathogenic LRRK2 variant in Central Europe compared to the more studied p.G2019S, being present in 1.81% of PD cases within the Central European cohort and 3.23% of familial PD cases. Together with the ongoing clinical trials for LRRK2 inhibitors, this finding emphasises the urgent need for more ethnic diversity in PD genetic research.

Dystonia Linked to EIF4A2 Haploinsufficiency: A Disorder of Protein Translation Dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Protein synthesis is a tightly controlled process, involving a host of translation-initiation factors and microRNA-associated repressors. Variants in the translational regulator EIF2AK2 were first linked to neurodevelopmental-delay phenotypes, followed by their implication in dystonia. Recently, de novo variants in EIF4A2, encoding eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A isoform 2 (eIF4A2), have been described in pediatric cases with developmental delay and intellectual disability. OBJECTIVE: We sought to characterize the role of EIF4A2 variants in dystonic conditions. METHODS: We undertook an unbiased search for likely deleterious variants in mutation-constrained genes among 1100 families studied with dystonia. Independent cohorts were screened for EIF4A2 variants. Western blotting and immunocytochemical studies were performed in patient-derived fibroblasts. RESULTS: We report the discovery of a novel heterozygous EIF4A2 frameshift deletion (c.896_897del) in seven patients from two unrelated families. The disease was characterized by adolescence- to adulthood-onset dystonia with tremor. In patient-derived fibroblasts, eIF4A2 production amounted to only 50% of the normal quantity. Reduction of eIF4A2 was associated with abnormally increased levels of IMP1, a target of Ccr4-Not, the complex that interacts with eIF4A2 to mediate microRNA-dependent translational repression. By complementing the analyses with fibroblasts bearing EIF4A2 biallelic mutations, we established a correlation between IMP1 expression alterations and eIF4A2 functional dosage. Moreover, eIF4A2 and Ccr4-Not displayed significantly diminished colocalization in dystonia patient cells. Review of international databases identified EIF4A2 deletion variants (c.470_472del, c.1144_1145del) in another two dystonia-affected pedigrees. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that EIF4A2 haploinsufficiency underlies a previously unrecognized dominant dystonia-tremor syndrome. The data imply that translational deregulation is more broadly linked to both early neurodevelopmental phenotypes and later-onset dystonic conditions. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Prevalence of Fabry Disease among Patients with Parkinson's Disease.

BACKGROUND: An increased prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) disease has been previously reported in subjects with Fabry disease (FD) carrying alpha-galactosidase (GLA) mutations and their first-line relatives. Moreover, decreased alpha-galactosidase A (AGLA) enzymatic activity has been reported among cases with PD compared to controls. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of FD among patients with PD. METHODS: We recruited 236 consecutive patients with PD from February 2018 to December 2020. Clinical and sociodemographic data, including the MDS-UPDRS-III scores and HY stage (the Hoehn and Yahr scale), were collected, and in-depth phenotyping was performed in subjects with identified GLA variants. A multistep approach, including standard determination of AGLA activity and LysoGb3 in males, and next-generation based GLA sequencing in all females and males with abnormal AGLA levels was performed in a routine diagnostic setting. RESULTS: The mean age of our patients was 68.9 ± 8.9 years, 130 were men (55.1%), and the mean disease duration was 7.77 ± 5.35 years. Among 130 men, AGLA levels were low in 20 patients (15%), and subsequent Lyso-Gb3 testing showed values within the reference range for all tested subjects. In 126 subsequently genetically tested patients, four heterozygous p.(Asp313Tyr) GLA variants (3.2%, MAF 0.016) were identified; all were females. None of the 4 GLA variant carriers identified had any clinical manifestation suggestive of FD. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest a possible relationship between FD and PD in a small proportion of cases. Nevertheless, the GLA variant found in our cohort is classified as a variant of unknown significance. Therefore, its pathogenic causative role in the context of PD needs further elucidation, and these findings should be interpreted with caution.

WARS2 mutations cause dopa-responsive early-onset parkinsonism and progressive myoclonus ataxia.

INTRODUCTION: Sixteen subjects with biallelic WARS2 variants encoding the tryptophanyl mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, presenting with a neonatal- or infantile-onset mitochondrial disease, have been reported to date. Here we present six novel cases with WARS2-related diseases and expand the spectrum to later onset phenotypes including dopa-responsive early-onset parkinsonism and progressive myoclonus-ataxia. METHODS: Six individuals from four families underwent whole-exome sequencing within research and diagnostic settings. Following the identification of a genetic defect, in-depth phenotyping and protein expression studies were performed. RESULTS: A relatively common (gnomAD MAF = 0.0033) pathogenic p.(Trp13Gly) missense variant in WARS2 was detected in trans in all six affected individuals in combination with different pathogenic alleles (exon 2 deletion in family 1; p.(Leu100del) in family 2; p.(Gly50Asp) in family 3; and p.(Glu208*) in family 4). Two subjects presented with action tremor around age 10-12 years and developed tremor-dominant parkinsonism with prominent neuropsychiatric features later in their 20s. Two subjects presented with a progressive myoclonus-ataxia dominant phenotype. One subject presented with spasticity, choreo-dystonia, myoclonus, and speech problems. One subject presented with speech problems, ataxia, and tremor. Western blotting analyses in patient-derived fibroblasts showed a markedly decreased expression of the full-length WARS2 protein in both subjects carrying p.(Trp13Gly) and an exon-2 deletion in compound heterozygosity. CONCLUSIONS: This study expands the spectrum of the disease to later onset phenotypes of early-onset tremor-dominant parkinsonism and progressive myoclonus-ataxia phenotypes.

Scoring Algorithm-Based Genomic Testing in Dystonia: A Prospective Validation Study.

BACKGROUND: Despite the established value of genomic testing strategies, practice guidelines for their use do not exist in many indications. OBJECTIVES: We sought to validate a recently introduced scoring algorithm for dystonia, predicting the diagnostic utility of whole-exome sequencing (WES) based on individual phenotypic aspects (age-at-onset, body distribution, presenting comorbidity). METHODS: We prospectively enrolled a set of 209 dystonia-affected families and obtained summary scores (0-5 points) according to the algorithm. Singleton (N = 146), duo (N = 11), and trio (N = 52) WES data were generated to identify genetic diagnoses. RESULTS: Diagnostic yield was highest (51%) among individuals with a summary score of 5, corresponding to a manifestation of early-onset segmental or generalized dystonia with coexisting non-movement disorder-related neurological symptoms. Sensitivity and specificity at the previously suggested threshold for implementation of WES (3 points) was 96% and 52%, with area under the curve of 0.81. CONCLUSIONS: The algorithm is a useful predictive tool and could be integrated into dystonia routine diagnostic protocols. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson Movement Disorder Society.

Clinically relevant copy-number variants in exome sequencing data of patients with dystonia.

INTRODUCTION: Next-generation sequencing is now used on a routine basis for molecular testing but studies on copy-number variant (CNV) detection from next-generation sequencing data are underrepresented. Utilizing an existing whole-exome sequencing (WES) dataset, we sought to investigate the contribution of rare CNVs to the genetic causality of dystonia. METHODS: The CNV read-depth analysis tool ExomeDepth was applied to the exome sequences of 953 unrelated patients with dystonia (600 with isolated dystonia and 353 with combined dystonia; 33% with additional neurological involvement). We prioritized rare CNVs that affected known disease genes and/or were known to be associated with defined microdeletion/microduplication syndromes. Pathogenicity assessment of CNVs was based on recently published standards of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Clinical Genome Resource. RESULTS: We identified pathogenic or likely pathogenic CNVs in 14 of 953 patients (1.5%). Of the 14 different CNVs, 12 were deletions and 2 were duplications, ranging in predicted size from 124bp to 17 Mb. Within the deletion intervals, BRPF1, CHD8, DJ1, EFTUD2, FGF14, GCH1, PANK2, SGCE, UBE3A, VPS16, WARS2, and WDR45 were determined as the most clinically relevant genes. The duplications involved chromosomal regions 6q21-q22 and 15q11-q13. CNV analysis increased the diagnostic yield in the total cohort from 18.4% to 19.8%, as compared to the assessment of single-nucleotide variants and small insertions and deletions alone. CONCLUSIONS: WES-based CNV analysis in dystonia is feasible, increases the diagnostic yield, and should be combined with the assessment of single-nucleotide variants and small insertions and deletions.