Hemodynamic responses to endotracheal intubation performed with video and direct laryngoscopy in patients scheduled for major cardiac surgery.

This study aims to compare the hemodynamic responses to endotracheal intubation performed with direct and video laryngoscope in patients scheduled for cardiac surgery and to assess the airway and laryngoscopic characteristics. One hundred ten patients were equally allocated to either direct Macintosh laryngoscope (n = 55) or indirect Macintosh C-MAC video laryngoscope (n = 55). Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure, and heart rate were recorded prior to induction anesthesia, and immediately and two minutes after intubation. Airway characteristics (modified Mallampati, thyromental distance, sternomental distance, mouth opening, upper lip bite test, Wilson risk sum score), mask ventilation, laryngoscopic characteristics (Cormack-Lehane, percentage of glottic opening), intubation time, number of attempts, external pressure application, use of stylet and predictors of difficult intubation (modified Mallampati grade 3-4, thyromental distance < 6 cm, upper lip bite test class 3, Wilson risk sum score ≥ 2, Cormack-Lehane grade 3-4) were recorded. Hemodynamic parameters were similar between the groups at all time points of measurement. Airway characteristics and mask ventilation were no significant between the groups. The C-MAC video laryngoscope group had better laryngoscopic view as assessed by Cormack-Lehane and percentage of glottic view, and a longer intubation time. Number of attempts, external pressure, use of stylet, and difficult intubation parameters were similar. Endotracheal intubation performed with direct Macintosh laryngoscope or indirect Macintosh C-MAC video laryngoscope causes similar and stable hemodynamic responses.

Acute Pancreatitis Due to Hypertriglyceridaemia in Pregnancy.

Acute pancreatitis due to hypertriglyceridaemia during pregnancy is a rare but severe clinical condition that may cause fatal results for both the mother and the foetus. Acute pancreatitis developed in a 37-year-old pregnant woman with familial hypertriglyceridaemia and diabetes mellitus in the 31(st) week of pregnancy. As intrauterine foetal death developed, the pregnancy of the patient was terminated. Additionally, insulin, octreotide and plasmapheresis with "double membrane filtration" were applied, and triglycerides rapidly decreased. After 24 hours, the level of triglycerides decreased from 9742 mg dL(-1) to 432 mg dL(-1). The patient was discharged from the intensive care unit at the end of 5 days and was discharged from the hospital after 32 days. The current article presents the successful treatment of severe hypertriglyceridaemia in a pregnant case.

Is intra-articular magnesium effective for postoperative analgesia in arthroscopic shoulder surgery?

BACKGROUND: Various medications are used intra-articularly for postoperative pain reduction after arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Magnesium, a N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, may be effective for reduction of both postoperative pain scores and analgesic requirements. METHODS: A total of 67 patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery were divided randomly into two groups to receive intra-articular injections of either 10 mL magnesium sulphate (100 mg/mL; group M, n=34) or 10 mL of normal saline (group C, n=33). The analgesic effect was estimated using a visual analogue scale 1 h, 2 h, 6 h, 8 h, 12 h, 18 h and 24 h after operation. Postoperative analgesia was maintained by intra-articular morphine (0.01%, 10 mg) + bupivacaine (0.5%, 100 mL) patient-controlled analgesia device as a 1 mL infusion with a 1 mL bolus dose and 15 min lock-out time; for visual analogue scale scores >5, intramuscular diclofenac sodium 75 mg was administered as needed during the study period (maximum two times). RESULTS: Intra-articular magnesium resulted in a significant reduction in pain scores in group M compared with group C 1 h, 2 h, 6 h, 8 h and 12 h after the end of surgery, respectively, at rest and with passive motion. Total diclofenac consumption and intra-articular morphine + bupivacaine consumption were significantly lower in group M. Postoperative serum magnesium levels were significantly higher in group M, but were within the normal range. CONCLUSIONS: Magnesium causes a reduction in postoperative pain in comparison to saline when administered intra-articularly after arthroscopic shoulder surgery, and has no serious side effects.

The determination of histopathological and biochemical effects of the rabbit knee joint injected dexketoprofen trometamol.

This study was conducted to investigate possible histopathological effects and biochemical reflections of intra-articular dexketoprofen trometamol. A total of 24 New Zealand rabbits were included in the study. Blood sampling was carried out from all animals on the first day, then they were randomly allocated either to the control group (Group C, n = 9) or the dexketoprofen trometamol group (Group D, n = 15). Group C underwent each two intra-articular injections of saline, 0.25 mL into right and 0.50 mL into left knee. Group D was injected 0.25 mL (6.25 mg) dexketoprofen trometamol into the right knee and 0.50 mL (12.5 mg) into the left. The groups were divided randomly into three. Tissue and blood samples were collected from Groups C1 and D1 on the first day, C2 and D2 on the second day and C3 and D3 on the 10th day of the study. Interleukin-1 (IL-1ß), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were studied. The histopathological examination of C and D groups did not present any deterioration. IL-6 basal levels were significantly higher in Group D2 compared with C2 and C3 compared with D3. Basal TNF-α levels were higher compared with day 1 in Group C1, and IL-6 and CRP levels were higher in Group D3. Also, none of the increases in these values are supported by histopathological evaluation results. Consequently, we suppose that dexketoprofen trometamol does not cause histopathological deterioration in articular cartilage of rabbits, and the increases in biochemical parameters exclusively are not clinically significant.

[Comparison the effects of prilocaine and the addition of dexketoprofen and dexamethasone to prilocaine for intravenous regional anesthesia]. / Intravenöz rejyonel anestezi tekniginde prilokain, prilokaine eklenen deksketoprofen ve deksametazonun etkinliklerinin karsilastirilmasi

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the anesthetic and analgesic effects of prilocaine alone, prilocaine added dexketoprofen and dexamethasone during intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA). METHODS: Forty five patients undergoing forearm or hand surgery were randomly assigned to one of three groups to receive (Group P) 3 mg/kg 0.5% prilocaine; (Group PDK) 3 mg/kg 0.5% prilocaine plus 50 mg dexketoprofen; (Group PDM) 3 mg/kg 0.5% prilocaine plus 8 mg dexamethasone in total 40 ml volume for IVRA. The onset and duration of sensory and motor blocks, hemodynamic datas, duration of analgesia and tourniquet, time to first analgesic requirement, visual analog scale (VAS), total analgesic consumption in 24 hours and patient satisfaction score were assessed and recorded. RESULTS: Time to onset of sensory block was found to be longer in Group P (p<0.05), though no significance was found according to sensory block recovery times amoung groups. Time to onset of motor block was found to be longer and recovery time of motor block was found to be shorter in Group P (p<0.05). Time to first analgesic requirement was found to be longer in Group PDK,and was found to be high in Group PDM than Group PDK(p<0.05). The VAS scores was found to be high and patient satisfaction scale was found to be low in Group P (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The addition of dexketoprofen and dexamethasone to prilocaine during IVRA improves the quality of both anesthesia and analgesia moreover dexketoprofen provides beter postoperative analgesia during the first 24 hour after surgery.

Determination of optimum time for intravenous cannulation after induction with sevoflurane and nitrous oxide in children premedicated with midazolam.

BACKGROUND: It has been shown that early placement of an intravenous line in children administered sevoflurane anesthesia increased the incidence of laryngospasm and movement. However, the optimal time for safe cannulation after the loss of the eyelash reflex during the administration of sevoflurane and nitrous oxide is not known. AIM: The aim of the study was to determine the optimum time for intravenous cannulation after the induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane and nitrous oxide in children premedicated with oral midazolam. METHOD: We performed a prospective, observer-blinded, up-down sequential, allocation study, and children, aged 2-6 years, ASA physical status I, scheduled for an elective procedure undergoing inhalational induction were included in the study. Anesthesia was induced with sevoflurane and nitrous oxide after premedication with oral midazolam. For the first child, 4 min after the loss of the eyelash reflex, the intravenous cannulation was attempted by an experienced anesthesiologist. The time for intravenous cannulation was considered adequate if movement, coughing, or laryngospasm did not occur. The time for cannulation was increased by 15 s if the time was inadequate in the previous patient, and conversely, the time for cannulation was decreased by 15 s if the time was adequate in the previous patient. The probit test was used in the analysis of up-down sequences. RESULTS: A total of 32 children were enrolled sequentially during the study period. The adequate time for effective intravenous cannulation after induction with sevoflurane and nitrous oxide in 50% and 95% of patients were 1.29 min (95% confidence interval, 0.96-1.54 min) and 1.86 min (95% confidence interval 1.58-4.35 min), respectively. CONCLUSION: We recommend waiting 2 min for attempting intravenous placement following the loss of the eyelash reflex in children sedated with midazolam and receiving an inhalation induction with sevoflurane and nitrous oxide.

Ultrasound-guided multiple peripheral nerve blocks in a superobese patient.

The number of obese patients has increased dramatically worldwide. Morbid obesity is associated with an increased incidence of medical comorbidities and restricts the application choices in anesthesiology. We report a successfully performed combined ultrasound-guided blockade of the femoral, tibial, and common peroneal nerve in a superobese patient. We present a case report of a 31-year-old, ASA-PS II, super obese man (190 kg, 180 cm, BMI: 58 kg/m(2)) admitted to the emergency department with a type II segmental tibia shaft fracture and ankle dislocation after a vehicle accident. After two failed spinal anesthesia attempts, we decided to apply a femoral block combined with a sciatic block. Femoral blocks were successfully performed with US guided in-plane technique. Separate blocks of the tibial and common peroneal nerves were planned after the sciatic nerve could not be located due to the thick subcutaneous tissue. We performed a tibial nerve block at 2 cm above the popliteal crease and common peroneal nerve at the level of the fibular head with US guided in-plane technique. The blocks were successful and no block-related complications were noted. Ultrasound guidance allows new approaches for multiple peripheral nerve blocks with low local anesthetic doses in obese patients.

Effectiveness of the C-MAC video laryngoscope in the management of unexpected failed intubations.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to review the experiences of an anesthesiology department regarding the use of a C-MAC videolaryngoscope in unexpected failed intubation attempts. METHODS: Data were analyzed from 42 patients whose intubation attempts using Macintosh direct laryngoscopes had failed, and on whom a C-MAC videolaryngoscope was utilized as the primary rescue device. The success rate of C-MAC in intubation was assessed, and laryngeal views from both devices were compared. RESULTS: The Cormack and Lehane score was III in 41 patients, and IV in one patient, with the Macintosh laryngoscope, while Cormack and Lehane score was I in 27 patients, II in 14 and III in one with CMAC. Tracheal intubation with CMAC was successful on the first attempt in 36 patients (86%), and on the second attempt in 6 patients (14%). No complications were observed other than minor damage (blood on blade) in 8 patients (19%). CONCLUSION: These data provide evidence for the clinical effectiveness of C-MAC videolaryngoscope in managing the unexpected failed intubations in routine anesthesia care. The C-MAC videolaryngoscope is efficient and safe as a primary rescue device in unexpected failed intubations.

Eficacia do videolaringoscopio C-MAC no manejo de intubacoes malsucedidas inesperadas / Effectiveness of the C-MAC video laryngoscope in the management of unexpected failed intubations / Eficacia del videolaringoscopio C-MAC® en el manejo de intubaciones no exitosas

Justificativa e objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi fazer uma revisão das experiências de um departamento de anestesiologia em relação ao uso do videolaringoscópio C-MAC em tentativas malsucedidas de intubação. Métodos: Analisamos os dados de 42 pacientes, cujas tentativas de intubação com o uso delaringoscopia direta (Macintosh) tinham falhado e nos quais o videolaringoscópio C-MAC foi usado como o dispositivo de resgate primário. A taxa de sucesso do C-MAC em intubação foi avaliada e a visão da laringe em ambos os dispositivos foi comparada. Resultados: Com o laringoscópio Macintosh, o escore de Cormack e Lehane foi 3 em 41 pacientes e 4 em um paciente e com o CMAC, foi 1 em 27 pacientes, 2 em 14 pacientes e 3 em um paciente. Intubação traqueal com CMAC foi bem-sucedida em 36 pacientes (86%) na primeira tentativa e em seis pacientes (14%) na segunda tentativa. Nenhuma complicação foi observada, além de pequena lesão (sangue na lâmina) em oito pacientes (19%). Conclusão: Esses dados fornecem evidência para a eficácia clínica do videolaringoscópio C-MAC no manejo de intubações malsucedidas inesperadas em assistência rotineira de anestesia. O videolaringoscópio C-MAC é eficiente e seguro como dispositivo de resgate primário em intubações malsucedidas inesperadas. .

Background and objectives: The purpose of this study was to review the experiences of an anesthesiology department regarding the use of a C-MAC videolaryngoscope in unexpected failed intubation attempts. Methods: Data were analyzed from 42 patients whose intubation attempts using Macintosh direct laryngoscopes had failed, and on whom a C-MAC videolaryngoscope was utilized as the primary rescue device. The success rate of C-MAC in intubation was assessed, and laryngeal views from both devices were compared. Results: The Cormack and Lehane score was III in 41 patients, and IV in one patient, with the Macintosh laryngoscope, while Cormack and Lehane score was I in 27 patients, II in 14 and III in one with CMAC. Tracheal intubation with CMAC was successful on the first attempt in 36 patients (86%), and on the second attempt in 6 patients (14%). No complications were observed other than minor damage (blood on blade) in 8 patients (19%). Conclusion: These data provide evidence for the clinical effectiveness of C-MAC videolaryngoscope in managing the unexpected failed intubations in routine anesthesia care. The C-MAC videolaryngoscope is efficient and safe as a primary rescue device in unexpected failed intubations. .

Justificación y objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue hacer una revisión de las experiencias de un departamento de anestesiologia con relación al uso del videolaringoscopio C-MAC® en intentos de intubación que fracasaron. Métodos: Analizamos los datos de 42 pacientes, cuyos intentos de intubación con el uso de laringoscopia directa (Macintosh) habían fallado y en los cuales el videolaringoscopio C-MAC® fue usado como el dispositivo de rescate primario. Se calculó la tasa de éxito del C-MAC® en la intubación y se comprobó la visión de la laringe en los 2 dispositivos. Resultados: Con el laringoscopio Macintosh, la puntuación de Cormack y Lehane fue 3 en 41 pacientes y 4 en un paciente; y con el C-MAC®, fue 1 en 27 pacientes, 2 en 14 pacientes y 3 en un paciente. La intubación traqueal con C-MAC® fue exitosa en 36 pacientes (86%) en el primer intento y en 6 pacientes (14%) en el segundo intento. No se observaron complicaciones, a no ser una pequena lesión (sangre en la lámina) en 8 pacientes (19%). Conclusiones: Esos datos suministran evidencias para la eficacia clínica del videolaringoscopio C-MAC® en el manejo de intubaciones no exitosas inesperadas en asistencia de rutina en anestesia. El videolaringoscopio C-MAC® es eficiente y seguro como dispositivo de rescate primario en intubaciones no exitosas inesperadas. .

Investigation of effects of levobupivacaine injection to rabbit knee joint on histopathologic changes of joint cartilage tissue and changes of serum biochemical parameters.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of intra-articular levobupivacaine on rabbit knee articular cartilage and certain biochemical parameters in the blood. A total of 24 New Zealand rabbits were included to study. Blood sampling was carried out in all animals on the first day, then the subjects were randomly allocated either to the control group (Group C, n = 9) or to the levobupivacaine group (Group L, n = 15). Group C underwent each two intra-articular injections of saline, 0.25 mL into the right knee and 0.50 mL into the left one. Group L was injected 0.25 mL (1.25 mg) of levobupivacaine into the right knee and 0.50 mL (2.5 mg) into the left one. The groups were divided randomly into three. Tissue and blood samples for histologic and biochemical examination were collected from Groups C1 and L1 on the first, C2 and L2 on the second, and C3 and L3 on the tenth day of the study. Interleukin-1ß (IL-1 ß), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were analyzed. No statistically significant differences could be detected when comparing either left or right joints within the same groups and with Group C and L (P > 0.05). Significant elevations of biochemical parameters were found in Group C. It is concluded that levobupivacaine does not lead to significant histologic changes in rabbit articular cartilage. Significant elevations of biochemical parameters being generally found in the C Group, it is thought that such elevations are not linked to levobupivacaine. Intra-articular levobupivacaine may be a safe alternative for use in post-operative analgesia.

Differences in tip visibility and nerve block parameters between two echogenic needles during a simulation study with inexperienced anesthesia trainees.

Needle tip visualization during ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia (UGRA) is necessary for safety and efficacy. However, disruption of the image of the needle tip driven toward the target is a general problem, especially for beginners. The purpose of this study was to compare performance parameters between using the Sonoplex and Stimuplex D-Plus echogenic needles in a simulated ultrasound-guided interventional task by inexperienced anaesthesia residents. After a standardized training session, 28 anesthesiology residents performed simulated nerve blocks in a beef phantom with each needle. All ultrasound images were digitally stored for analysis. The absolute time the needle tip was in view, total procedure time, and angle of needle insertion were subsequently measured objectively by two single investigators. The procedures that used the Sonoplex echogenic needle had significantly better tip visibility and shorter total procedure time at insertion angles between 42° and 64° relative to the phantom surface. We have demonstrated that inexperienced users who used the Sonoplex echogenic needle were able to complete the procedure more quickly. Needles with improved visibility would be a very useful addition to UGRA for inexperienced users.

Anaesthetic Management of a Child with Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy.

Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies are a group of disorders with wide genetic and clinical heterogeneity. These disorders may lead to an increase in life-threatening complications related to surgery and anaesthesia. In this case, the anaesthetic management of a child with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy is presented.

Anaesthetic Management with Thromboelastography in a Patient with Glanzmann Thrombasthenia.

Glanzmann thrombastenia (GT) is a rare disease of an autosomal recessive inheritance characterized with fatal bleeding tendency. The anaesthesiologist should be cognizant of the risk involved and be prepared with necessary measures. In this paper, we present a GT case of a 9-year-old male with hypospadias, which was successfully repaired after platelet transfusions according to the thromboelastography tracings.

Management of the Difficult Paediatric Airway with a Simple Fiberoptic-Assisted Laryngoscope: A Report of Two Cases with Pierre Robin and Patau's (Trisomy 13) Syndrome.

Airway management of children with congenital craniofacial anomalies is a challenge for paediatric anaesthesiologists. We do not have any video-assisted airway device in our department for difficult paediatric intubations. We decided to attach a regular fiberoptic (outer diameter; 3.7 mm, Karl Storz, Germany) scope to a conventional Macintosh Laryngoscope (size 1). We describe two cases of Pierre Robin and Patau's (Trisomy 13) syndrome successfully intubated with a fiberoptic-assisted laryngoscope (FOL). A fiberoptic scope and any size of a laryngoscope blade can be easily assembled in the operating room. The FOL may be a useful device in the setting of difficult paediatric intubation.

Limited-Form Wegener Granulomatosis Case: Anaesthetic Approach and Literature Review.

Wegener granulomatosis (WG) is a kind of vasculitis that affects small and medium-sized arteries. Necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis of the upper and lower respiratory tracts and necrotizing glomerulonephritis of the kidneys are present. WG affects mainly Caucasian individuals between 15-75 years old, with a mean age of onset of 41 years. It affects both males and females equally. Kidney involvement is not present in the limited form of WG. Peripheral nerve blocks are good alternatives when general anaesthesia is risky. Popliteal block is blockade of the sciatic nerve at the popliteal region. Popliteal block is a kind of peripheral block for surgeries below the knee level. In this article, we report on the anaesthesia management of a 61-year-old limited-form WG patient for whom general anaesthesia was risky because of lung involvement.

Combined use of ultrasound guided infraclavicular block and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve block in upper extremity reconstruction requiring large skin graft: case report.

Combined nerve blocks of the upper extremity and lower limb in same operation rarely performed due to the risk of systemic toxicity of local anesthetics. Therefore, general anesthesia is generally preferred in this operations. However, use of ultrasound allows reliable deposition of the anesthetic around the nerves, potentially lowering the local anesthetic requirement. In this case report, we present a 44-year-old, ASA physical status I, male patient who was operated for upper extremity reconstruction requiring skin graft from anterolateral thigh region under ultrasound-guided infraclavicular brachial plexus block and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve block. The block was successful and no block-related complications were noted. We think that combining an ultrasound guided infraclavicular brachial plexus block and a lateral femoral cutaneous nerve block is a clinically useful and safe technique and an alternative anesthetic method for procedures requiring skin grafts for the upper extremity.

Prevention of propofol injection pain in children: a comparison of pretreatment with tramadol and propofol-lidocaine mixture.

BACKGROUND: The pain on propofol injection is considered to be a common and difficult to eliminate problem in children. In this study, we aimed to compare the efficacy of pretreatment with tramadol 1 mg.kg(-1)and propofol-lidocaine 20 mg mixture for prevention of propofol induced pain in children. METHODS: One hundred and twenty ASA I-II patients undergoing orthopedic and otolaryngological surgery were included in this study and were divided into three groups with random table numbers. Group C (n=39) received normal saline placebo and Group T (n=40) received 1 mg.kg(-1) tramadol 60 sec before propofol (180 mg 1% propofol with 2 ml normal saline) whereas Group L (n=40) received normal saline placebo before propofol-lidocaine mixture (180 mg 1% propofol with 2 ml %1 lidocaine). One patient in Group C was dropped out from the study because of difficulty in inserting an iv cannula. Thus, one hundred and nineteen patients were analyzed for the study. After given the calculated dose of propofol, a blinded observer assessed the pain with a four-point behavioral scale. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in patient characteristics and intraoperative variables (p>0.05) except intraoperative fentanyl consumption and analgesic requirement one hr after surgery among the groups (p<0.05). Both tramadol 1 mg.kg(-1) and lidocaine 20 mg mixture significantly reduced propofol pain when compared with control group. Moderate and severe pain were found higher in control group (p<0.05). The incidence of overall pain was 79.4% in the control group, 35% in tramadol group, 25% in lidocaine group respectively (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Pretreatment with tramadol 60 sec before propofol injection and propofol-lidocaine mixture were significantly reduced propofol injection pain when compared to placebo in children.