Sex Differences in Cognitive Reflection: A Meta-Analysis.

The current study presents a meta-analytic review of the differences between men and women in cognitive reflection (CR). The study also explores whether the type of CR test (i.e., numerical tests and verbal tests) moderates the relationship between CR and sex. The results showed that men score higher than women on CR, although the magnitude of these differences was small. We also found out that the type of CR test moderates the sex differences in CR, especially in the numerical tests. In addition, the results showed that the length of numerical tests (i.e., number of items) does not affect the differences between men and women in CR. Finally, the implications of these results are discussed, and future research is suggested.

Economic Stress, Employee Commitment, and Subjective Well-Being / [El estrés económico, el compromiso del empleado y el bienestar subjetivo]

COVID-19 pandemic has created unprecedented health and economic crises across the world. Millions of businesses have been obliged to shut down, and millions of jobs have been lost. These effects have created a very severe economic-related stress level, which can have consequences on psychological well-being (PWB) and economic commitment (EC). This study examined the relationships between objective and subjective indicators of income-related stress and employment-related stress and PWB and EC. The 697 participants were contacted during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample includes private-sector employees, civil service employees, self-employed, furloughed employees, and unemployed. Results show that the economic stress produced by COVID-19, as estimated by a compound of objective and subjective income-and employment-related stress, produced a negative effect on PWB (r = .21, p < .001) and EC (r = .29, p < .001). Multiple regression showed that subjective income-related stress was the main predictor of PWB, positive affect, and negative affect and that economic deprivation and objective employment-related stress were the predictors of EC and its three components, affective, normative, and continuity. Finally, the contribution and some practical implications of the findings are discussed.(AU)

La pandemia de COVID-19 ha creado crisis económicas y de salud sin precedentes en todo el mundo. Millones de empresas se han visto obligadas a cerrar y se han perdido millones de puestos de trabajo. Estos efectos han dado lugar a un nivel de estrés económico muy elevado, que puede tener consecuencias sobre el bienestar psicológico (BP) y el compromiso económico (CE). El estudio examina las relaciones entre los indicadores objetivos y subjetivos del estrés y los ingresos y el estrés asociado al empleo, el BP y el CE. Se tomó contacto con los 697 participantes durante el pico de la pandemia de COVID-19. La muestra cubre empleados del sector privado y de la administración pública, trabajadores por cuenta propia, empleados con permiso temporal y desempleados. Los resultados muestran que el estrés económico producido por COVID-19, calculado como un compuesto de estrés objetivo y subjetivo asociado a los ingresos y al empleo, ejerce un efecto negativo en el BP (r = .21, p < .001) y el CE (r = .29, p < .001). La regresión múltiple muestra que el estrés subjetivo relacionado con los ingresos fue el principal predictor del BP y del afecto positivo y negativo y que la privación económica y el estrés objetivo vinculado al empleo predicen el CE y sus tres componentes, afectivo, normativo y de continuidad. Finalmente, se discute la contribución y algunas implicaciones prácticas de los resultados.(AU)

Cognitive reflection test: The effects of the items sequence on scores and response time.

This paper aims to expand the literature on the determinants of the Cognitive Reflection Test scores, exploring the effects that the items sequence has on (1) Cognitive Reflection Test scores, (2) response time, (3) the relationship between Cognitive Reflection Test scores and response time, and (4) Cognitive Reflection scores, response time, and the relationship between both variables on men and women. The current study also explored the sex differences on Cognitive Reflection Test and response time according to items sequence. The results showed that manipulating the items sequence, the performance on the Cognitive Reflection Test improved significantly, but the response time were not significantly affected, although the results suggest that first items of the sequence could be working as training items. A positive relationship between Cognitive Reflection Test scores and response time was also found, except when the scores were maximized. Finally, some differences between men and women on the results were also found. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Criterion Validity of Cognitive Reflection for Predicting Job Performance and Training Proficiency: A Meta-Analysis.

This article presents a meta-analysis of the validity of cognitive reflection (CR) for predicting job performance and training proficiency. It also examines the incremental validity of CR over cognitive intelligence (CI) for predicting these two occupational criteria. CR proved to be an excellent predictor of job performance and training proficiency, and the magnitude of the true validity was very similar across the two criteria. Results also showed that the type of CR is not a moderator of CR validity. We also found that CR showed incremental variance over CI for the explanation of job performance, although the magnitude of the contribution is small. However, CR shows practically no incremental validity over CI validity in the explanation of training proficiency. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings for the research and practice of personnel selection.

Cognitive reflection, life satisfaction, emotional balance and job performance / Reflexividad Cognitiva, Satisfacción con la Vida, Equilibrio Emocional y Desempeño en el Puesto de Trabajo

BACKGROUND: The validity of individual difference variables for predicting important life phenomena, such as job performance, has been studied for over a century. However, the relationships between some of them have scarcely been investigated. This paper presents a study on the relationship between cognitive reflection (CR), satisfaction with life (SWL), and emotional balance (EB) with job performance. METHOD: The participants were 245 managers (140 men and 105 women) working in companies in various economic sectors. RESULTS: The results showed that CR was not significantly related to job performance but that SWL and EB were valid predictors. Moreover, CR correlated significantly with SWL and EB. Multiple regression analysis showed that neither CR nor EB showed incremental validity over SWL in predicting job performance. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that CR may not be an important variable in the workplace, at least regarding job performance, and that it is not a fully cognitive construct because some degree of its variance may be shared with motivational and personality traits

ANTECEDENTES: la relación del desempeño ocupacional con variables de diferencias individuales se ha investigado durante casi un siglo, aunque su relación con la reflexividad cognitiva (RC), la satisfacción con la vida (SCV) y el equilibrio emocional (EE) ha sido escasamente estudiada, por ello, el objetivo principal de este artículo es examinar la relación entre RC, SCV y EE con el desempeño en el trabajo. MÉTODO: participaron 245 directivos (140 hombres y 105 mujeres) de empresas de diferentes sectores económicos. RESULTADOS: SCV y EE fueron predictores válidos del desempeño en el puesto pero no RC. Análisis de regresión múltiple indicaron que ni RC ni EE añadían validez sobre la SCV para predecir el desempeño en el puesto. CONCLUSIONES: los resultados sugieren que RC podría no ser una variable relevante en el lugar de trabajo, al menos en relación con el desempeño ocupacional, y que no se trata de un constructo totalmente cognitivo, ya que una parte de su varianza podría estar explicada por rasgos motivacionales y de la personalidad

Cognitive Reflection, Life Satisfaction, Emotional Balance and Job Performance.

BACKGROUND: The validity of individual difference variables for predicting important life phenomena, such as job performance, has been studied for over a century. However, the relationships between some of them have scarcely been investigated. This paper presents a study on the relationship between cognitive reflection (CR), satisfaction with life (SWL), and emotional balance (EB) with job performance. METHOD: The participants were 245 managers (140 men and 105 women) working in companies in various economic sectors. RESULTS: The results showed that CR was not significantly related to job performance but that SWL and EB were valid predictors. Moreover, CR correlated significantly with SWL and EB. Multiple regression analysis showed that neither CR nor EB showed incremental validity over SWL in predicting job performance. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that CR may not be an important variable in the workplace, at least regarding job performance, and that it is not a fully cognitive construct because some degree of its variance may be shared with motivational and personality traits.

Convergent and predictive validity of the Big Five factors assessed with single stimulus and quasi-ipsative questionnaires / La validez convergente y predictiva de los factores Big Five medidos con cuestionarios de estímulo único y quasiipsativos

This research examines the convergent-discriminant and predictive validity of the Big Five personality dimensions assessed with two different formats of personality inventories: a single-stimulus (SS) and a quasi-ipsative forced-choice (FC). The relationship between both types of measures and intelligence (GMA) was also analyzed. The results showed that: (1) the SS and the quasi-ipsative FC measures present a high convergent-discriminant validity; (2) the Big Five personality dimensions, assessed with both questionnaires, and GMA are independent constructs; and (3) both types of personality measures have similar predictive validity for the three criteria examined (academic performance, training success, and interpersonal competence). As expected, conscientiousness was the best predictor of academic performance and training success. Extraversion was the best predictor of interpersonal competence. Finally, the theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed

Esta investigación examina la validez convergente y discriminante y la validez predictiva de los cinco grandes factores de personalidad evaluados con dos formatos diferentes de inventarios de personalidad: estímulo único (SS) y de elección forzosa quasiipsativo (EF). También se analizó la relación entre los dos tipos de medidas e inteligencia (GMA). Los resultados mostraron que: (1) las medidas SS y las medidas EF quasiipsativas presentan una alta validez convergente y discriminante, (2) los cinco grandes factores de personalidad, evaluados con ambos cuestionarios, y GMA son constructos independientes y (3) ambos tipos de medidas de personalidad tienen validez predictiva similar para los tres criterios examinados (desempeño académico, éxito en la formación y competencia interpersonal). Como se esperaba, el mejor predictor del desempeño académico y del éxito en la formación fue el factor responsabilidad. La extraversión fue el mejor predictor de la competencia interpersonal. Finalmente, se comentan las implicaciones teóricas y prácticas de estos resultados