ABSTRACT
Hypomorphic RAG1 mutations allowing residual T- and B-cell development have been found in patients presenting with delayed-onset combined immune deficiency with granulomas and/or autoimmunity (CID-G/AI) and abnormalities of the peripheral T- and B-cell repertoire. To examine how hypomorphic Rag1 mutations affect the earliest stages of lymphocyte development, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate mouse models with mutations equivalent to those found in patients with CID-G/AI. Immunological characterization showed partial development of T and B lymphocytes, with persistence of naïve cells and preserved serum immunoglobulin but impaired antibody responses and presence of autoantibodies, thereby recapitulating the phenotype seen in patients with CID-G/AI. By using high-throughput sequencing, we identified marked skewing of Igh V and Trb V gene usage in early progenitors, with a bias for productive Igh and Trb rearrangements after selection occurred and increased apoptosis of B-cell progenitors. Rearrangement at the Igk locus was impaired, and polyreactive immunoglobulin M antibodies were detected. This study provides novel insights into how hypomorphic Rag1 mutations alter the primary repertoire of T and B cells, setting the stage for immune dysregulation frequently seen in patients.
Subject(s)
Cell Differentiation/genetics , Genes, RAG-1 , Lymphopoiesis/genetics , Mutation , Alleles , Animals , B-Lymphocytes/cytology , B-Lymphocytes/immunology , B-Lymphocytes/metabolism , Biomarkers , Disease Susceptibility/immunology , Gene Editing , Gene Expression Regulation , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Immunity, Humoral , Immunophenotyping , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , Phenotype , T-Lymphocytes/cytology , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/metabolism , V(D)J RecombinationABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To analyze available evidence on vaccinations in paediatric patients with rheumatic and autoinflammatory diseases. This evidence formed the basis of the recently constructed European League against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations for vaccination of these patients. METHODS: A systematic literature review in the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases was conducted using various terms for vaccinations, paediatric rheumatic and autoinflammatory diseases and immunosuppressive drugs. Only papers on paediatric patients (<18 years of age) were selected. A panel of 13 experts in the field graded methodological quality and extracted data using predefined criteria. RESULTS: 27 papers were available. No studies were found on autoinflammatory diseases. 14 studies considered live-attenuated vaccines. Evidence so far supports the safety and immunogenicity of non-live composite vaccines, although studies were underpowered to accurately assess safety. Live-attenuated vaccines did not cause disease flares or severe adverse events, not even in patients on methotrexate and low dose glucocorticosteroids. Seven patients on anti-TNFalpha therapy were described receiving the live-attenuated measles, mumps, rubella (n=5) or varicella (n=2) booster without severe adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Data on safety and efficacy of vaccinations in paediatric patients with rheumatic diseases is reassuring, but too limited to draw definite conclusions. More research is needed on the safety and efficacy of especially live-attenuated vaccines in patients with rheumatic and autoinflammatory diseases using high dose immunosuppressive drugs.
Subject(s)
Chickenpox/prevention & control , Hereditary Autoinflammatory Diseases/immunology , Measles/prevention & control , Mumps/prevention & control , Rheumatic Diseases/immunology , Rubella/prevention & control , Vaccination/standards , Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology , Adolescent , Chickenpox/immunology , Chickenpox Vaccine/administration & dosage , Chickenpox Vaccine/adverse effects , Chickenpox Vaccine/immunology , Child , Child, Preschool , Consensus , Databases, Bibliographic , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions , Evidence-Based Medicine/standards , Female , Hereditary Autoinflammatory Diseases/drug therapy , Hereditary Autoinflammatory Diseases/virology , Humans , Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage , Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use , Infant , Male , Measles/immunology , Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine/administration & dosage , Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine/adverse effects , Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine/immunology , Mumps/immunology , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Rheumatic Diseases/drug therapy , Rheumatic Diseases/virology , Rubella/immunology , Vaccination/adverse effects , Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage , Vaccines, Attenuated/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Evidence-based recommendations for vaccination of paediatric patients with rheumatic diseases (PaedRD) were developed by following the EULAR standardised procedures for guideline development. The EULAR task force consisted of (paediatric) rheumatologists/immunologists, one expert in vaccine evaluation, one expert in public health and infectious disease control, and one epidemiologist. A systematic literature review was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and abstracts of the EULAR and American College of Rheumatology meetings of 2008/9. The level of evidence and strength of recommendation were based on customary scoring systems. Delphi voting was applied to assess the level of agreement between task force members. 107 papers and eight abstracts were used. The majority of papers considered seasonal influenza (41) or pneumococcal (23) vaccination. 26 studies were performed specifically in paediatric patients, and the majority in adult rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Fifteen recommendations were developed with an overall agreement of 91.7%. More research is needed on the safety and immunogenicity of (live-attenuated) vaccination in PaedRD, particularly in those using biologicals, and the effect of vaccination on prevention of infections.
