Cardiorenal Involvement in Metabolic Syndrome Induced by Cola Drinking in Rats: Proinflammatory Cytokines and Impaired Antioxidative Protection.

We report experimental evidence confirming renal histopathology, proinflammatory mediators, and oxidative metabolism induced by cola drinking. Male Wistar rats drank ad libitum regular cola (C, n = 12) or tap water (W, n = 12). Measures. Body weight, nutritional data, plasma glucose, cholesterol fractions, TG, urea, creatinine, coenzyme Q10, SBP, and echocardiograms (0 mo and 6 mo). At 6 months euthanasia was performed. Kidneys were processed for histopathology and immunohistochemistry (semiquantitative). Compared with W, C rats showed (I) overweight (+8%, p < 0.05), hyperglycemia (+11%, p < 0.05), hypertriglyceridemia (2-fold, p < 0.001), higher AIP (2-fold, p < 0.01), and lower Q10 level (-55%, p < 0.05); (II) increased LV diastolic diameter (+9%, p < 0.05) and volume (systolic +24%, p < 0.05), posterior wall thinning (-8%, p < 0.05), and larger cardiac output (+24%, p < 0.05); (III) glomerulosclerosis (+21%, p < 0.05), histopathology (+13%, p < 0.05), higher tubular expression of IL-6 (7-fold, p < 0.001), and TNFα (4-fold, p < 0.001). (IV) Correlations were found for LV dimensions with IL-6 (74%, p < 0.001) and TNFα (52%, p < 0.001) and fully abolished after TG and Q10 control. Chronic cola drinking induced cardiac remodeling associated with increase in proinflammatory cytokines and renal damage. Hypertriglyceridemia and oxidative stress were key factors. Hypertriglyceridemic lipotoxicity in the context of defective antioxidant/anti-inflammatory protection due to low Q10 level might play a key role in cardiorenal disorder induced by chronic cola drinking in rats.

Exercise Ameliorates Endocrine Pancreas Damage Induced by Chronic Cola Drinking in Rats.

PURPOSE: This study evaluates whether the daily practice of an exercise routine might protect from endocrine pancreas damage in cola drinking rats. METHODS: Forty-eight Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups depending on a) beverage consumption ad libitum, water (W) or cola beverage (C), and b) physical activity, sedentary (S) or treadmill running (R). Accordingly, 4 groups were studied: WS (water sedentary), WR (water runner), CS (cola sedentary) and CR (cola runner). Body weight, nutritional data, plasma levels of glucose, creatinine, total cholesterol and cholesterol fractions, and triglycerides (enzymocolorimetry), and systolic blood pressure (plethysmography) were measured. After 6 months, euthanasia was performed (overdose sodium thiopental). Pancreatic tissue was immediately excised and conventionally processed for morphometrical and immunohistochemical determinations. RESULTS: The effects of running and chronic cola drinking on pancreas morphology showed interaction (p<0.001) rather than simple summation. Cola drinking (CS vs WS) reduced median pancreatic islet area (-30%, 1.8 10(4) µm2 vs 2.58 10(4) µm2, p<0.0001) and median ß-cell mass (-43%, 3.81 mg vs 6.73 mg, p<0.0001), and increased median α/ß ratio (+49%, 0.64 vs 0.43, p< 0.001). In water drinking rats (WR vs WS), running reduced median α-cell mass (-48%, 1.48 mg vs 2.82 mg, p<0.001) and α/ß ratio (-56%, 0.19 vs 0.43, p<0.0001). Differently, in cola drinking rats (CR vs CS), running partially restored median islet area (+15%, 2.06 10(4) µm2 vs 1.79 10(4) µm2, p<0.05), increased median ß-cell mass (+47%, 5.59 mg vs 3.81 mg, p <0.0001) and reduced median α/ß ratio (-6%, 0.60 vs 0.64, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study is likely the first reporting experimental evidence of the beneficial effect of exercise on pancreatic morphology in cola-drinking rats. Presently, the increase of nearly 50% in ß cells mass by running in cola drinking rats is by far the most relevant finding. Moderate running, advisably indicated in cola consumers and patients at risk of diabetes, finds here experimental support.

Beneficial Effect of Moderate Exercise in Kidney of Rat after Chronic Consumption of Cola Drinks.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of moderate intensity exercise on kidney in an animal model of high consumption of cola soft drinks. METHODS: Forty-eight Wistar Kyoto rats (age: 16 weeks; weight: 350-400 g) were assigned to the following groups: WR (water runners) drank water and submitted to aerobic exercise; CR (cola runners) drank cola and submitted to aerobic exercise; WS (water sedentary) and CS (cola sedentary), not exercised groups. The aerobic exercise was performed for 5 days per week throughout the study (24 weeks) and the exercise intensity was gradually increased during the first 8 weeks until it reached 20 meters / minute for 30 minutes. Body weight, lipid profile, glycemia, plasma creatinine levels, atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were determined. After 6 months all rats were sacrificed. A kidney histopathological score was obtained using a semiquantitative scale. Glomerular size and glomerulosclerosis were estimated by point-counting. The oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory status were explored by immunohistochemistry. A one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey-Kramer post-hoc test or the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post-hoc test was used for statistics. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: At 6 months, an increased consumption of cola soft drink was shown in CS and CR compared with water consumers (p<0.0001). Chronic cola consumption was associated with increased plasma triglycerides, AIP, heart rate, histopathological score, glomerulosclerosis, oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory status. On the other hand, moderate exercise prevented these findings. No difference was observed in the body weight, SBP, glycemia, cholesterol and plasma creatinine levels across experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study warns about the consequences of chronic consumption of cola drinks on lipid metabolism, especially regarding renal health. Additionally, these findings emphasize the protective role of exercise training on renal damage.

Functional and morphological changes in endocrine pancreas following cola drink consumption in rats.

AIM: We report the effects of long-term cola beverage drinking on glucose homeostasis, endocrine pancreas function and morphology in rats. METHODS: Wistar rats drank: water (group W), regular cola beverage (group C, sucrose sweetened) or "light" cola beverage (group L, artificially sweetened). After 6 months, 50% of the animals in each group were euthanized and the remaining animals consumed water for the next 6 months when euthanasia was performed. Biochemical assays, insulinemia determination, estimation of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), morphometry and immunohistochemistry evaluations were performed in pancreas. RESULTS: Hyperglycemia (16%, p<0.05), CoQ10 (coenzyme-Q10) decrease (-52%,p<0.01), strong hypertriglyceridemia (2.8-fold, p<0.01), hyperinsulinemia (2.4 fold, p<0.005) and HOMA-IR increase (2.7 fold, p<0.01) were observed in C. Group C showed a decrease in number of α cells (-42%, p<0.01) and ß cells (-58%, p<0.001) and a moderate increase in α cells' size after wash-out (+14%, p<0.001). Group L showed reduction in ß cells' size (-9%, p<0.001) and only after wash-out (L12) a 19% increase in size (p<0.0001) with 35% decrease in number of α cells (p<0.01). Groups C and L showed increase in α/ß-cell ratio which was irreversible only in C (α/ß = +38% in C6,+30% in C12, p<0.001vs.W6). Regular cola induced a striking increase in the cytoplasmic expression of Trx1 (Thioredoxin-1) (2.25-fold in C6 vs. W6; 2.7-fold in C12 vs. W12, p<0.0001) and Prx2 (Peroxiredoxin-2) (3-fold in C6 vs. W6; 2-fold in C12 vs. W12, p<0.0001). Light cola induced increase in Trx1 (3-fold) and Prx2 (2-fold) after wash-out (p<0.0001, L12 vs. W12). CONCLUSION: Glucotoxicity may contribute to the loss of ß cell function with depletion of insulin content. Oxidative stress, suggested by increased expression of thioredoxins and low circulating levels of CoQ10, may follow sustained hyperglycemia. A likely similar panorama may result from the effects of artificially sweetened cola though via other downstream routes.

Inhibición de la hipertrofia ventricular izquierda, normalización de la respuesta contráctil cardíaca y estrés oxidativo en hipertensión experimental / Inhibition of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, Normalization of the Contractile Response and Oxidative Stress in Experimental Hypertension

Introducción y objetivos: La hipertrofia ventricular izquierda secundaria a hipertensión arterial se ha interpretado como un mecanismo de protección para reducir el estrés parietal y prevenir la insuficiencia cardíaca. Sin embargo, paradójicamente, su presencia se acompaña de un incremento de la morbimortalidad cardiovascular. El presente estudio se llevó a cabo con el propósito de evaluar si el tratamiento antihipertensivo crónico inhibe el desarrollo de hipertrofia ventricular izquierda y revierte el deterioro de la respuesta betaadrenérgica cardíaca y su posible relación con cambios en el metabolismo oxidativo del miocardio. Material y métodos: Ratas macho espontáneamente hipertensas (REH, 2 meses de edad) se distribuyeron en grupos (n grupo = 18) grupo según (mg/kg, v.o.): losartán 30 (L), hidralazina 11 (H), rosuvastatina 10 (R), carvedilol 20 (C), agua (control tratamiento). Control hipertensión: 18 ratas normotensas (Wistar-Kyoto, WKY). Periódicamente se registraron la presión arterial sistólica (PAS) (pletismografía, en animales despiertos) y el peso corporal (PC). Luego de 16 meses se practicó eutanasia. El 50% de los corazones se montaron en preparación de Langendorff para medir contractilidad preestímulo y posestímulo betaadrenérgico [isoproterenol (Iso): 10-9M, 10-7M, 10-5M]. En los corazones restantes se registró el peso del ventrículo izquierdo (PVI), que se normalizó por el PC. Se cuantificó la expresión inmunohistoquímica de tiorredoxina 1(Trx-1), peroxirredoxina 2 (Prx-2) y glutarredoxina 3 (Grx-3) (indicadores antioxidantes). Resultados: Peso corporal: similar en todos los grupos. PAS (mm Hg): 154 ± 3 (L), 137 ± 1 (H), 190 ± 3 (R)**, 206 ± 3 (REH)*, 183 ± 1 (C)**, 141 ± 1 (WKY) (*p < 0,05 vs. L, H, WKY; **p < 0,05 vs. L, H, WKY, REH). El PVI/PC de REH y R fue mayor (p < 0,05) respecto de L, H, C y WKY. En C no se observó correlación entre hipertensión e hipertrofia ventricular izquierda. Grupos REH, R y C: mostraron depresión de contractilidad basal vs. L, H y WKY. Respuesta a Iso 10-5 M: similar en WKY y L; disminuida en C, H, R y REH. Expresión de Trx-1, Prx-2 y Grx-3: aumentó en C, H, R y L (1,5-2 veces promedio; p < 0,01 vs. REH y WKY). Conclusiones: El tratamiento con losartán, hidralazina y carvedilol previno el desarrollo de hipertrofia ventricular izquierda. El losartán normalizó la respuesta al isoproterenol en REH. Factores adicionales participarían en el desarrollo de hipertrofia ventricular izquierda con deterioro de la respuesta inotrópica a la estimulación betaadrenérgica en hipertensión. El aumento en la expresión de tiorredoxinas por tratamientos antihipertensivos sugiere un beneficio asociado, aumentando la respuesta antioxidante frente al estrés oxidativo en hipertensión.(AU)

Background and objectives: Left ventricular hypertrophy secondary to hypertension has been perceived as a protective mechanism to reduce wall stress and prevent heart failure. However, its presence is paradoxically associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality The aim of this study was to evaluate whether chronic antihypertensive treatment inhibits the development of left ventricular hypertrophy and normalize the reverting impaired cardiac beta-adrenergic response, and its possible association with changes in myocardial oxidative metabolism. Methods: Spontaneously hypertensive male rats (SHR, 2 months old) were divided into groups (n grupo = 18) according to (mg/ group kg, p.o): losartan 30 (L), hydralazine-11 (H), rosuvastatin 10 (R), carvedilol 20 (C), and water (control treatment). The control hypertension group consisted of 18 normotensive rats (Wistar-Kyoto, WKY). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) (plethysmography in awake animals) and body weight (BW) were measured periodically. The animals were sacrificed at 16 months and 50% of the hearts were mounted in a Langendorff system to measure contractility before and after beta-adrenergic stimulation [isoproterenol (Iso): 10-9 M, 10-7 M, and 10-5 M]. In the remaining hearts left ventricular weight (LVW) was measured and normalized by B W. Immunohistochemical expression of thioredoxin 1 (Trx-1), peroxyredoxin 2 (Prx-2) and glutaredoxin 3 (Grx-3) (antioxidant indicators) was quantified. Results: Body weight was similar in all groups. Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) was 154 ± 3 (L), 137 ± 1 (H), 190 ± 3 (R)**, 206 ± 3 (SHR)*, 183 ± 1 (C)**, and 141 ± 1 (WKY) (* p < 0.05 vs. L, H, WKY, ** p < 0.05 vs. L, H, WKY, SHR). LVW/BW was higher in SHR and R (p < 0.05) compared with L, H, C and WKY. In C, there was no correlation between hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. SHR, R and C evidenced baseline contractile depression vs. L, H and WKY. The response to 10-5 M Iso was similar in WKY and L, and reduced in C, H, R and SHR. The expression of Trx-1, Prx-2 and Grx-3 increased in C, H, R and L (average increase: 1.5-2 times; p < 0.01 vs. SHR and WKY). Conclusions: Treatment with losartan, hydralazine, and carvedilol prevented the development of left ventricular hypertrophy. Losartan normalized the response to isoproterenol in SHR. Additional factors might participate in the development of left ventricular hypertrophy with impaired inotropic response to beta-adrenergic stimulation in hypertension. The increased ex-pression of thioredoxins as a result of antihypertensive treatment suggests an additional benefit, increasing the antioxidant response against oxidative stress in hypertension.(AU)

Inhibición de la hipertrofia ventricular izquierda, normalización de la respuesta contráctil cardíaca y estrés oxidativo en hipertensión experimental / Inhibition of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, Normalization of the Contractile Response and Oxidative Stress in Experimental Hypertension

Introducción y objetivos: La hipertrofia ventricular izquierda secundaria a hipertensión arterial se ha interpretado como un mecanismo de protección para reducir el estrés parietal y prevenir la insuficiencia cardíaca. Sin embargo, paradójicamente, su presencia se acompaña de un incremento de la morbimortalidad cardiovascular. El presente estudio se llevó a cabo con el propósito de evaluar si el tratamiento antihipertensivo crónico inhibe el desarrollo de hipertrofia ventricular izquierda y revierte el deterioro de la respuesta betaadrenérgica cardíaca y su posible relación con cambios en el metabolismo oxidativo del miocardio. Material y métodos: Ratas macho espontáneamente hipertensas (REH, 2 meses de edad) se distribuyeron en grupos (n grupo = 18) grupo según (mg/kg, v.o.): losartán 30 (L), hidralazina 11 (H), rosuvastatina 10 (R), carvedilol 20 (C), agua (control tratamiento). Control hipertensión: 18 ratas normotensas (Wistar-Kyoto, WKY). Periódicamente se registraron la presión arterial sistólica (PAS) (pletismografía, en animales despiertos) y el peso corporal (PC). Luego de 16 meses se practicó eutanasia. El 50% de los corazones se montaron en preparación de Langendorff para medir contractilidad preestímulo y posestímulo betaadrenérgico [isoproterenol (Iso): 10-9M, 10-7M, 10-5M]. En los corazones restantes se registró el peso del ventrículo izquierdo (PVI), que se normalizó por el PC. Se cuantificó la expresión inmunohistoquímica de tiorredoxina 1(Trx-1), peroxirredoxina 2 (Prx-2) y glutarredoxina 3 (Grx-3) (indicadores antioxidantes). Resultados: Peso corporal: similar en todos los grupos. PAS (mm Hg): 154 ± 3 (L), 137 ± 1 (H), 190 ± 3 (R)**, 206 ± 3 (REH)*, 183 ± 1 (C)**, 141 ± 1 (WKY) (*p < 0,05 vs. L, H, WKY; **p < 0,05 vs. L, H, WKY, REH). El PVI/PC de REH y R fue mayor (p < 0,05) respecto de L, H, C y WKY. En C no se observó correlación entre hipertensión e hipertrofia ventricular izquierda. Grupos REH, R y C: mostraron depresión de contractilidad basal vs. L, H y WKY. Respuesta a Iso 10-5 M: similar en WKY y L; disminuida en C, H, R y REH. Expresión de Trx-1, Prx-2 y Grx-3: aumentó en C, H, R y L (1,5-2 veces promedio; p < 0,01 vs. REH y WKY). Conclusiones: El tratamiento con losartán, hidralazina y carvedilol previno el desarrollo de hipertrofia ventricular izquierda. El losartán normalizó la respuesta al isoproterenol en REH. Factores adicionales participarían en el desarrollo de hipertrofia ventricular izquierda con deterioro de la respuesta inotrópica a la estimulación betaadrenérgica en hipertensión. El aumento en la expresión de tiorredoxinas por tratamientos antihipertensivos sugiere un beneficio asociado, aumentando la respuesta antioxidante frente al estrés oxidativo en hipertensión.

Background and objectives: Left ventricular hypertrophy secondary to hypertension has been perceived as a protective mechanism to reduce wall stress and prevent heart failure. However, its presence is paradoxically associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality The aim of this study was to evaluate whether chronic antihypertensive treatment inhibits the development of left ventricular hypertrophy and normalize the reverting impaired cardiac beta-adrenergic response, and its possible association with changes in myocardial oxidative metabolism. Methods: Spontaneously hypertensive male rats (SHR, 2 months old) were divided into groups (n grupo = 18) according to (mg/ group kg, p.o): losartan 30 (L), hydralazine-11 (H), rosuvastatin 10 (R), carvedilol 20 (C), and water (control treatment). The control hypertension group consisted of 18 normotensive rats (Wistar-Kyoto, WKY). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) (plethysmography in awake animals) and body weight (BW) were measured periodically. The animals were sacrificed at 16 months and 50% of the hearts were mounted in a Langendorff system to measure contractility before and after beta-adrenergic stimulation [isoproterenol (Iso): 10-9 M, 10-7 M, and 10-5 M]. In the remaining hearts left ventricular weight (LVW) was measured and normalized by B W. Immunohistochemical expression of thioredoxin 1 (Trx-1), peroxyredoxin 2 (Prx-2) and glutaredoxin 3 (Grx-3) (antioxidant indicators) was quantified. Results: Body weight was similar in all groups. Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) was 154 ± 3 (L), 137 ± 1 (H), 190 ± 3 (R)**, 206 ± 3 (SHR)*, 183 ± 1 (C)**, and 141 ± 1 (WKY) (* p < 0.05 vs. L, H, WKY, ** p < 0.05 vs. L, H, WKY, SHR). LVW/BW was higher in SHR and R (p < 0.05) compared with L, H, C and WKY. In C, there was no correlation between hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. SHR, R and C evidenced baseline contractile depression vs. L, H and WKY. The response to 10-5 M Iso was similar in WKY and L, and reduced in C, H, R and SHR. The expression of Trx-1, Prx-2 and Grx-3 increased in C, H, R and L (average increase: 1.5-2 times; p < 0.01 vs. SHR and WKY). Conclusions: Treatment with losartan, hydralazine, and carvedilol prevented the development of left ventricular hypertrophy. Losartan normalized the response to isoproterenol in SHR. Additional factors might participate in the development of left ventricular hypertrophy with impaired inotropic response to beta-adrenergic stimulation in hypertension. The increased ex-pression of thioredoxins as a result of antihypertensive treatment suggests an additional benefit, increasing the antioxidant response against oxidative stress in hypertension.

Las bebidas cola aceleran el crecimiento de la placa aterosclerótica en ratones ApoE-/- / Cola Beverages Accelerate Growth of the Atherosclerotic Plaque in ApoE-/- Mice

Introducción Los hábitos de alimentación poco saludables durante la infancia y la juventud se han suge¡rido como favorecedores de las complicaciones ateroscleróticas en edades más avanzadas. El creciente consumo de bebidas cola en las últimas décadas se ha asociado con el desarrollo de obesidad e incremento en la incidencia de aterosclerosis y enfermedades cardiovasculares. A su vez, se sabe que existe correspondencia entre el consumo de estas bebidas y etapas de la vida, el cual es mayor en los niños, los adolescentes y los adultos jóvenes. Objetivo Evaluar el efecto del consumo de bebidas cola sobre la aterosclerosis. Material y métodos Se distribuyeron ratones ApoE-/- (8 semanas de edad) en tres grupos según el consumo libre de agua (A), bebida cola azucarada (C) y bebida cola edulcorada light (L). Al cabo de 8 semanas las bebidas cola se reemplazaron por agua. Los ratones fueron sacrificados secuencialmente: antes del tratamiento (8 semanas de edad) y luego de su interrupción (16, 20, 24 y 30 semanas de edad). Se extrajeron la aorta ascendente y el hígado. Se calculó la relación entre el área de la placa aórtica y el espesor de la capa media (relación placa/media). Se evaluó la inflamación del parénquima hepático según la escala de NASH. Resultados La relación placa/media varió según la bebida (F2,54 = 3,433, p < 0,04) y la edad (F4,54 = 5,009, p < 0,03) y fue mayor en los grupos C y L (p < 0,05 a las 16 y 20 semanas, p < 0,01 a las 24 y 30 semanas). La inflamación del parénquima hepático (F2,9 = 13,29, p < 0,002) y portal (F2,9 = 6,30, p < 0,02) aumentó cinco y dos veces, respectivamente, en función del tiempo (p < 0,01 y p < 0,03) entre las semanas 20 y 30, en contraste con la esteatosis y el daño hepatocelular, que no se modificaron. El grupo A (evolución natural de la aterosclerosis) se caracterizó por la aceleración del crecimiento del área de placa en paralelo con un rápido aumento de la inflamación hepática alrededor de la semana 20. Conclusiones El consumo de bebidas cola en ratones ApoE-/- entre las semanas 8 y 16 de edad aumentó la tasa de progresión de la aterosclerosis. Los datos sugieren que, en este modelo murino, el consumo sostenido de bebidas cola durante las etapas tempranas de la vida puede acelerar el agravamiento del daño aterosclerótico en etapas más tardías.(AU)

Cola Beverages Accelerate Growth of the Atherosclerotic Plaque in ApoE-/- Mice Introduction Unhealthy eating habits during childhood and youth have been suggested as predisposing factors to atherosclerotic complications later in life. The growing consumption of cola beverages in recent decades has been associated with the development of obesity and increased incidence of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. We also know that there is a correspondence between the consumption of these beverages and the different stages of life, being higher in children, adolescents and young adults. Objective This study evaluates the effect of cola beverage consumption on atherosclerosis. Methods ApoE-/- mice (8 week-old) were randomized into 3 groups according to free access to water (W), sucrose sweetened carbonated cola drink (C) or aspartame-acesulfame K sweetened carbonated light cola drink (L). At 8 weeks cola beverages were switched to water. The mice were sequentially euthanized: before treatment (8 week old mice) and after treatment discontinuation (20, 24, and 30 week old mice). The ascending aorta and the liver were removed. Aortic plaque area was analyzed and plaque/media-ratio was calculated. Hepatic inflammation was assessed according to the NASH scale. Results Plaque/media-ratio varied according to drink treatment (F2,54=3.433, p <0.04) and age (F4,54=5.009, p <0.03) and was higher in the C and L groups (p <0.05 at 16 and 20 weeks, p <0.01 at 24 and 30 weeks). Hepatic parenchymal inflammation (F2,9=13.29, p <0.002) and portal inflammation (F2,9 =6.30, p <0.02) varied fivefold and twofold in contrast to steatosis and hepatocellular damage which remained unchanged throughout the study.Natural evolution of atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice (W group) evidenced acceleration of plaque growth in parallel with a rapid increase in hepatic inflammation around week 20 of age. Conclusions Cola beverage consumption in 8-16 week old ApoE-/- mice accelerated atherosclerosis progression. Data suggest that, in this murine model, sustained cola consumption at early stages of life may predispose to atherosclerosis progression later in life.(AU)

Las bebidas cola aceleran el crecimiento de la placa aterosclerótica en ratones ApoE-/- / Cola Beverages Accelerate Growth of the Atherosclerotic Plaque in ApoE-/- Mice

Introducción Los hábitos de alimentación poco saludables durante la infancia y la juventud se han suge­rido como favorecedores de las complicaciones ateroscleróticas en edades más avanzadas. El creciente consumo de bebidas cola en las últimas décadas se ha asociado con el desarrollo de obesidad e incremento en la incidencia de aterosclerosis y enfermedades cardiovasculares. A su vez, se sabe que existe correspondencia entre el consumo de estas bebidas y etapas de la vida, el cual es mayor en los niños, los adolescentes y los adultos jóvenes. Objetivo Evaluar el efecto del consumo de bebidas cola sobre la aterosclerosis. Material y métodos Se distribuyeron ratones ApoE-/- (8 semanas de edad) en tres grupos según el consumo libre de agua (A), bebida cola azucarada (C) y bebida cola edulcorada light (L). Al cabo de 8 semanas las bebidas cola se reemplazaron por agua. Los ratones fueron sacrificados secuencialmente: antes del tratamiento (8 semanas de edad) y luego de su interrupción (16, 20, 24 y 30 semanas de edad). Se extrajeron la aorta ascendente y el hígado. Se calculó la relación entre el área de la placa aórtica y el espesor de la capa media (relación placa/media). Se evaluó la inflamación del parénquima hepático según la escala de NASH. Resultados La relación placa/media varió según la bebida (F2,54 = 3,433, p < 0,04) y la edad (F4,54 = 5,009, p < 0,03) y fue mayor en los grupos C y L (p < 0,05 a las 16 y 20 semanas, p < 0,01 a las 24 y 30 semanas). La inflamación del parénquima hepático (F2,9 = 13,29, p < 0,002) y portal (F2,9 = 6,30, p < 0,02) aumentó cinco y dos veces, respectivamente, en función del tiempo (p < 0,01 y p < 0,03) entre las semanas 20 y 30, en contraste con la esteatosis y el daño hepatocelular, que no se modificaron. El grupo A (evolución natural de la aterosclerosis) se caracterizó por la aceleración del crecimiento del área de placa en paralelo con un rápido aumento de la inflamación hepática alrededor de la semana 20. Conclusiones El consumo de bebidas cola en ratones ApoE-/- entre las semanas 8 y 16 de edad aumentó la tasa de progresión de la aterosclerosis. Los datos sugieren que, en este modelo murino, el consumo sostenido de bebidas cola durante las etapas tempranas de la vida puede acelerar el agravamiento del daño aterosclerótico en etapas más tardías.

Cola Beverages Accelerate Growth of the Atherosclerotic Plaque in ApoE-/- Mice Introduction Unhealthy eating habits during childhood and youth have been suggested as predisposing factors to atherosclerotic complications later in life. The growing consumption of cola beverages in recent decades has been associated with the development of obesity and increased incidence of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. We also know that there is a correspondence between the consumption of these beverages and the different stages of life, being higher in children, adolescents and young adults. Objective This study evaluates the effect of cola beverage consumption on atherosclerosis. Methods ApoE-/- mice (8 week-old) were randomized into 3 groups according to free access to water (W), sucrose sweetened carbonated cola drink (C) or aspartame-acesulfame K sweetened carbonated 'light' cola drink (L). At 8 weeks cola beverages were switched to water. The mice were sequentially euthanized: before treatment (8 week old mice) and after treatment discontinuation (20, 24, and 30 week old mice). The ascending aorta and the liver were removed. Aortic plaque area was analyzed and plaque/media-ratio was calculated. Hepatic inflammation was assessed according to the NASH scale. Results Plaque/media-ratio varied according to drink treatment (F2,54=3.433, p <0.04) and age (F4,54=5.009, p <0.03) and was higher in the C and L groups (p <0.05 at 16 and 20 weeks, p <0.01 at 24 and 30 weeks). Hepatic parenchymal inflammation (F2,9=13.29, p <0.002) and portal inflammation (F2,9 =6.30, p <0.02) varied fivefold and twofold in contrast to steatosis and hepatocellular damage which remained unchanged throughout the study.Natural evolution of atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice (W group) evidenced acceleration of plaque growth in parallel with a rapid increase in hepatic inflammation around week 20 of age. Conclusions Cola beverage consumption in 8-16 week old ApoE-/- mice accelerated atherosclerosis progression. Data suggest that, in this murine model, sustained cola consumption at early stages of life may predispose to atherosclerosis progression later in life.

Rate of atherosclerosis progression in ApoE-/- mice long after discontinuation of cola beverage drinking.

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of cola beverages drinking on atherosclerosisand test the hypothesis whether cola beverages consumption at early life stages might affect the development and progression of atherosclerosis later in life. ApoE-/- C57BL/6J mice (8 week-old) were randomized in 3 groups (n = 20 each) according to free accessto water (W), sucrose sweetened carbonated cola drink(C) or aspartame-acesulfame K sweetened carbonated 'light' cola drink (L)for the next 8 weeks. Drinking treatment was ended by switching C and L groups to drinking water. Four mice per group and time were sequentially euthanized: before treatment (8 weeks-old), at the end of treatment (16 weeks-old) and after treatment discontinuation (20 weeks-old, 24 weeks-old, 30 week-old mice). Aortic roots and livers were harvested, processed for histology and serial cross-sections were stained. Aortic plaque area was analyzed and plaque/media-ratio was calculated. Early consumption of cola drinks accelerated atherosclerotic plaque progression favoring the interaction between macrophages and myofibroblasts, without the participation of either T lymphocytes or proliferative activity. Plaque/media-ratio varied according to drink treatment (F2,54 = 3.433, p<0.04) and mice age (F4,54 = 5.009, p<0.03) and was higher in C and L groups compared with age-matched W group (p<0.05 at 16 weeks and 20 weeks, p<0.01 at 24 weeks and 30 weeks). Natural evolution of atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice (W group) evidenced atherosclerosis acceleration in parallel with a rapid increase in liver inflammation around the 20 weeks of age. Cola drinking within the 8-16 weeks of age accelerated atherosclerosis progression in ApoE-/- mice favoring aortic plaque enlargement (inward remodeling) over media thinning all over the study time. Data suggest that cola drinking at early life stages may predispose to atherosclerosis progression later in life in ApoE-/- mice.

Metabolic disturbances and worsening of atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE-/- mice after cola beverages drinking.

BACKGROUND: Atherosclerosis is a major health burden. Metabolic disorders had been associated with large consumption of soft drinks. The rising incidence of atherosclerosis and metabolic alterations warrants the study of long-term soft drink consumption' effects on metabolism and atherosclerosis in genetic deficiency of apolipoprotein E which typically develops spontaneous atherosclerosis and metabolic alterations. METHODS: ApoE-/- mice were randomized in 3 groups accordingly with free access to: water (W), regular cola (C) or light cola (L). After 8 weeks, 50% of the animals in each group were euthanized ( TREATMENT: W8, C8, L8). The remaining mice (all groups) drank water for 8 weeks and were euthanized (Washout: W16, C16, L16). Body weight and food and drink consumption were periodically measured. Blood was collected (biochemistry). At autopsy, transverse aortic sinus sections were serially cut and stained (histomorphometry); livers and kidneys were processed (microscopy). MANOVA (identification of variance factors) was followed by ANOVA and LSD tests (within-factor differences between levels). Conventionally a p< 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: TREATMENT increased drinking volumes (vs W8: 4 fold C8, p<0.0001; +47% L8, p<0.02). Only C reduced eating amounts (-54%, p<0.05 vs W8). I). Compared with W8: C8 developed hyperglycemia (+43%, p<0.03) and increased non-HDL cholesterol (+54%, p<0.05); L8 showed decreased glycemia (-15%, p<0.05 vs W8) and increased creatinine (2.5 fold, p<0.04), urea (+74, p<0.03) and aspartate-aminotransferase (2.8 fold, p<0.05). Hypercreatininemia was observed in L16 (2.7 fold vs W16, p<0.05). Hypertriglyceridemia (+91%, p<0.008) and hyperuremia (+68%, p<0.03) developed over time of study (age). II). TREATMENT caused plaque area increase (vs W8: 28% C8, p<0.02 and 50% L8, p<0.01; vs W16: 43% C16, p<0.05 and 68% L16, p<0.02) and stenosis (vs W8: 38% C8, p<0.04 and 57% L8, p<0.01; vs W16: 71% C16, p<0.01 and 46% L16, p<0.04). Age also caused plaque area increase (56%, p<0.04). TREATMENT- and age-effects on plaque enlargement were additive. CONCLUSION: Cola beverages caused atherosclerotic lesions' enlargement with metabolic (C) or non metabolic disturbances (L). ApoE-/- mice were particularly sensitive to L treatment. These findings may likely relate to caramel colorant and non-nutritive sweeteners in cola drinks and have potential implications in particularly sensitive individuals.