ABSTRACT
High voltage electrical burns constitute serious injury. Their depth increases over time. They lead to major tissue damage, sometimes irreversible, with tremendous functional and aesthetic sequelae, especially when extremities are involved.1 In emergency settings, the plastic surgeon faces a dilemma: should he amputate the burnt extremity immediately in order to avoid rhabdomyolysis, or wait until necrosis is delimited to avoid multiple surgeries and limit the size of amputation?
ABSTRACT
The development and analysis of three waveguides for the exposure of small biological in vitro samples to mobile communication signals at 900 MHz (GSM, Global System for Mobile Communications), 1.8 GHz (GSM), and 2 GHz (UMTS, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) is presented. The waveguides were based on a fin-line concept and the chamber containing the samples bathed in extracellular solution was placed onto two fins with a slot in between, where the exposure field concentrates. Measures were taken to allow for patch clamp recordings during radiofrequency (RF) exposure. The necessary power for the achievement of the maximum desired specific absorption rate (SAR) of 20 W/kg (average over the mass of the solution) was approximately P(in) = 50 mW, P(in) = 19 mW, and P(in) = 18 mW for the 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 2 GHz devices, respectively. At 20 W/kg, a slight RF-induced temperature elevation in the solution of no more than 0.3 °C was detected, while no thermal offsets due to the electromagnetic exposure could be detected at the lower SAR settings (2, 0.2, and 0.02 W/kg). A deviation of 10% from the intended solution volume yielded a calculated SAR deviation of 8% from the desired value. A maximum ±10% variation in the local SAR could occur when the position of the patch clamp electrode was altered within the area where the cells to be investigated were located.
Subject(s)
Environmental Exposure/analysis , Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner/cytology , Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner/radiation effects , Patch-Clamp Techniques/instrumentation , Radio Waves , Absorption , TemperatureABSTRACT
Radial waveguide set-ups are introduced as exposure devices for long-term experiments with large numbers of non-restrained animals exposed simultaneously. Methods are presented to ensure well-defined exposure conditions even for potentially overmoded waveguides and for the exposure of large groups of animals per cage. The proposed methods are applied for a four-generation study being performed on up to 2500 mice exposed to a generic UMTS test signal at prescribed averaged whole body specific absorption rates (SARs). The variation of the whole body SAR due to the movement of the mice inside the cage is calculated by using the finite-difference time-domain method and detailed animal models for selected configurations of the mice inside the cage for all stages of the study.
Subject(s)
Electromagnetic Fields , Radiation Dosage , Radio Waves , Whole-Body Irradiation , Animals , Female , Locomotion , Male , Mice , Pregnancy , Radiometry , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Several epidemiological data confirm the presence of enteric viruses in drinking water. The present paper deals with several problems tied to the virological analysis, such as the concentration of the samples, the isolation and the identification of enteric viruses.
