Conceptualization, measurement and effects of positional issues in the Canadian electoral context.

It is a well-known fact that the major Canadian political parties now use political marketing tools to segment the electorate and target specific groups of voters. Positional issues are at the centre of this type of micro-targeting strategy. This article demonstrates that positional issues played a greater role in Canadian electoral politics than previously assumed. Despite the many theoretical reasons for why the effects of positional issues might have been overlooked, accounting for disaggregation error shows stable and consistent effect of positional issues on vote choice in Canada. Multi-item issue scales are used to test the stability and relative strength of positional issues compared to rival concepts, such as values and party identification. Once measured through aggregated items, the effects of positional issues on vote choice in Canada might even compare with those of conventional vote predictors, such as party identification. Hence, it shows that the actions parties take to capitalize on positional issues, as described by the political marketing literature, are justified.

Community pharmacists' interventions in asthma care: a descriptive study.

BACKGROUND: Factors influencing community pharmacists' interventions have been identified, but little information is available regarding these factors in asthma care. OBJECTIVE: To describe the type and frequency of pharmacists' asthma care interventions and to identify factors influencing those interventions. METHODS: A pretested, self-administered questionnaire was mailed to all community pharmacists registered with the Ordre des pharmaciens du Québec in 2006. The form included questions about the pharmacists' interventions in asthma care in the community setting (21 questions), factors influencing the provision of those interventions (13 questions), and the responders' characteristics (17 questions). RESULTS: A total of 4587 questionnaires were sent; 917 pharmacists returned the questionnaires (response rate 20%), and 877 were eligible for analysis. Overall, community pharmacists who completed the questionnaire appeared to intervene frequently when the initial prescription for asthma medication was filled. About 98% of responders reported providing verbal information always or often on new asthma medication prescriptions. Furthermore, checking for overuse of rescue medication and underuse of maintenance therapy always or often was reported by 91% and 85.8% of responders, respectively. Other interventions at follow-up were not as frequently reported. For example, only 8.4% of pharmacists reported reassessing inhalation technique always or often. Lack of time was reported to be an important barrier to the type and frequency of intervention, while interest on the part of the patient appeared to be a significant facilitator. About 99% of pharmacists agreed with the statement that they have an important role in asthma care. CONCLUSIONS: Community pharmacists appear to intervene with patients with asthma mostly at the initiation of treatment, but some interventions at follow-up are not frequently done, which could be attributed to organizational factors.

Prevention of pneumococcal disease in mice immunized with conserved surface-accessible proteins.

The development of a vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae has been complicated by the existence of at least 90 antigenically distinct capsular serotypes. Common protein-based vaccines could represent the best strategy to prevent pneumococcal infections, regardless of serotype. In the present study, the immunoscreening of an S. pneumoniae genomic library allowed the identification of a novel immune protein target, BVH-3. We demonstrate that immunization of mice with BVH-3 elicits protective immunity against experimental sepsis and pneumonia. Sequence analysis revealed that the bvh-3 gene is highly conserved within the species. Since the BVH-3 protein shows homology at its amino-terminal end with other pneumococcal proteins, it was of interest to determine if protection was due to the homologous or to the protein-specific regions. Immunoprotection studies using recombinant BVH-3 and BVH-3-related protein fragments as antigens allowed the localization of surface-exposed and protective epitopes at the protein-specific carboxyl termini, thus establishing that BVH-3 is distinct from other previously reported protective protein antigens. Immunization with a chimeric protein comprising the carboxyl-terminal regions of BVH-3 and of a BVH-3-related protein improved the protection by targeting two surface pneumococcal components. Thus, BVH-3 and the chimeric protein hold strong promise as vaccine components to control pneumococcal disease.

Physical mapping of 32 genetic markers on the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 chromosome.

The Pseudomonas aeruginosa chromosome was fractionated with the enzymes SpeI and DpnI, and genomic fragments were separated by PFGE and used for mapping a collection of 40 genes. This permitted the localization of 8 genes previously mapped and of 32 genes which had not been mapped. We showed that a careful search of databases and identification of sequences that were homologous to known genes could be used to design and synthesize DNA probes for the mapping of P. aeruginosa homologues by Southern hybridization with genomic fragments, resulting in definition of the locations of the aro-2, dapB, envA, mexA, groEL, oprH, oprM, oprP, ponA, rpoB and rpoH genetic markers. In addition, a combination of distinct DNA sources were utilized as radioactively labelled probes, including specific restriction fragments of the cloned genes (glpD, opdE, oprH, oprO, oprP, phoS), DNA fragments prepared by PCR, and single-stranded DNA prepared from phagemid libraries that had been randomly sequenced. We used a PCR approach to clone fragments of the putative yhhF, sucC, sucD, cypH, pbpB, murE, pbpC, soxR, ftsA, ftsZ and envA genes. Random sequencing of P. aeruginosa DNA from phagemid libraries and database searching permitted the cloning of sequences from the acoA, catR, hemD, pheS, proS, oprD, pyo and rpsB gene homologues. The described genomic methods permit the rapid mapping of the P. aeruginosa genome without linkage analysis.