Dengue Immunological Markers Evolution at Saint Camille Hospital in Ouagadougou (HOSCO) Burkina Faso.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Dengue is a remerging vector-borne viral disease in Burkina Faso since the outbreak of 2013 and requires special attention from health authorities. This study reports the prevalence of dengue fever serological markers (NS1Ag, IgM and IgG) and infection dynamic from January, 2018 to December, 2020 among patients tested for dengue infection at Saint Camille Hospital of Ouagadougou (HOSCO). <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The study population consisted of 6414 patients aged 0-97 years. Dengue virus infection was detected in serum or plasma using the SD bioline dengue duo rapid detection kit. <b>Results:</b> The prevalence of dengue NS1Ag was 2.25% (45/2003), 18.43% (501/2719) and 2.42% (38/1569) in the study population in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. The age groups over 50 years and 15-20 years were significantly more infected compared to the group 21-30 years respectively in 2019 (p = 0.030) and 2020 (p = 0.035). Patients tested positive for at least one of these markers (NSlAg, IgG and IgM) represented 26.01% (521/2003) and 38.98% (1060/2719). The peak of infection during 2018 and 2019 was observed between October and November. The present study reports a high seroprevalence of acute dengue virus infection. The presence of NS1Ag, IgM and IgG in patients suggests an active circulation of the dengue virus in Ouagadougou. <b>Conclusion:</b> Data shows recurrent outbreaks of dengue infection in our country need strong surveillance and a suitable and affordable diagnostic system to clarify the burden, pinpoint the risk factors and for better case management.

Molecular Epidemiology of Rotavirus in Children under Five in Africa (2006-2016): A Systematic Review.

Group A human rotaviruses (RVA) are the most common causes of severe viral gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. The available vaccines, while effective in Europe and North America have shown a reduced efficacy in Africa. One issue raised is the genetic variability of RVA. The objective of this study was to perform a literature review of molecular epidemiology to determine the prevalence of RVA genotypes circulating in Africa so as to establish a mapping of reliable data on these various genotypes. The search for articles was done from the National Institutes of Health (PUBMED) using three set of keywords. Articles were selected with inclusion criteria such as the date of publication, the age of the children, the sample size and the diagnostic techniques (standardized laboratory techniques). The data were imported into STATA SE version 11 software. Specific prevalence was estimated with Confidence Intervals (CI) of 95%. A total of 326 published studies were initially retrieved, out of which 27 studies were finally selected for the systematic review. The selected studies cover 20 African countries. The most encountered genotypes in Africa during this period were G1 (32.72%), followed by G2 (17.17%), G3 (9.88%), G9 (8.61%) and G12 (7.56%) among the G-types. The most common P-types were P[8] (48.71%) followed by P[6] (22.60%) and P[4] (11.58%) and the G1P[8] combination (22.64%) was the most encountered followed by G2P[4] (8.29%), G9P[8] (6.95%) and G2P[6] (5.00%). North Africa presented the highest prevalence of the P[8] genotype (65.70%). This review provides a comprehensive view of the current circulating rotavirus strains in Africa, which can be important in light of the new rotavirus vaccinations. Indeed, in Africa, the pursuit of national and continental studies for epidemiological surveillance of circulating rotavirus strains is vital for the promotion of future successful vaccines.

[Epidemiology and characterization of high-risk genotypes of human Papillomavirus in a population of sexually active adolescents in Ouagadougou]. / Épidémiologie et caractérisation des génotypes à haut risque de Papillomavirus humain dans une population d'adolescentes sexuellement actives à Ouagadougou.

OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence and characterization of high-risk HPV genotypes circulating among adolescents in Ouagadougou. METHODS: From September to December 2013, 200 adolescents recruited from a youth counseling center have voluntarily accepted a swab of the endocervical canal. The identification of the genotypes of the human Papillomavirus (HPV) was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction technique. RESULTS: The mean age of adolescents was 18.7±0.7 years and 83/200 adolescents were positive for at least one high-risk genotype HPV a prevalence of 41.5%. Twelve genotypes corresponding to 136 infections were characterized: HPV 52 (22.8%), HPV 59 (14.0%), HPV 39 (13.2%), HPV 35 (10.3%), HPV 51 (10.3%), HPV 56 (8.8%), HPV 16 (5.2%), HPV 18 (5.2%), HPV 58 (4.4%), HPV 31 (3.6%), HPV 45 (1.5%), HPV 33 (0.7%). Multiple infections (2-5 virus) statistically associated with age (p=0.0318) was detected in 42.2% of infected females. If the number of sexual partners was statistically associated with the porting of HPV (OR=2.18; 95% CI=1.17 to 4.09), early sexual intercourse and the recent change of sexual partner were not (p>0,05) CONCLUSION: The prevalence of carriage of HPV in this study is high, as described in young people at the start of sexual activity. Identified genotypes are different from those targeted by prophylactic vaccines currently available. A larger study to map genotypes of high-risk HPV circulating in West Africa is necessary for a suitable vaccine.

[Prevalence of intestinal parasites at Saint-Camille medical center in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), 1991 to 2010]. / Prévalence des parasites intestinaux de 1991 à 2010 au centre médical Saint-Camille de Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso).

BACKGROUND: Intestinal parasitoses continue to be a major public health problem in developing countries. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasites and their coinfection rates in patients attending the Saint-Camille medical center in Ouagadougou. Methodology. This retrospective study covers the period from 1991 through 2010. RESULTS: In all, 292,148 stool samples were analyzed, and 177,672 contained at least one parasite, for a prevalence rate of 60.82%. Protozoans accounted for 90.53% of the parasites identified (160,838) and helminthes 9.47% (16,834). The most common protozoans were Entamœba histolytica/dispar (39.88%), Trichomonas intestinalis (25.78%) and Giardia intestinalis (24.83%). The helminthes encountered most frequently were Hymenolepis nana (3.99%) and Ancylostoma spp (3.65%). Globally, the prevalence of parasites decreased over the 20-year study period. The prevalence of E. histolytica/dispar decreased while that of Giardia intestinalis became more frequent. The most common parasitic associations were E. histolytica/dispar-G. intestinalis (26.24%) and G. intestinalis-T. intestinalis (20.09%). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that Burkina Faso is a zone at high prevalence of intestinal parasitosis, even though this prevalence appears to be decreasing. Appropriate strategies should be developed to accelerate the reduction in the incidence of these parasites.

Prevalence of HBV and HCV markers among patients attending the Saint Camille Medical Centre in Ouagadougou.

HCV and HBV cause annually, 2000 deaths from liver cancer in Burkina Faso. In this country, serological screening of hepatitis viruses B and C is only systematic among blood donors. The aims of this study were; (1) to investigate the reasons for the prescription of the screening for hepatitis B and C; (2) to determine HCV and HBV prevalence among 462 patients attending the Saint Camille Centre and (3) to identify patients with acute hepatitis or with chronic hepatitis for better monitoring. From February to May 2012, 462 patients attending the laboratory of the Saint Camille Medical Centre with viral hepatitis suspicion were screened. The hepatitis B and C serological markers were detected through Enzyme Immuno Assay (EIA) technique using commercial reagent kits. The clinical symptoms were also recorded for each patient. The results revealed that, the main clinical symptoms that prompted physicians to request HBV and HCV screenings were: asthenia (39.4%), anorexia (21.2%), abdominal pains (19.0%), nausea (10.4%), others (10.0%). The prevalence of HbsAg was 29.4% among the screened people. Patients with acute hepatitis B, active chronic hepatitis B and non-active chronic hepatitis B represented 11.2, 2.2 and 16.0%, respectively. The acquisition of immunity against HBV after vaccination was attempted for 11.7% people. HCV prevalence was 3.9% and its coinfection with HBV was 2.2%. This study showed a high prevalence for hepatitis B and C among patients attending Saint Camille Medical Centre. Without hygiene education and HBV/HCV prevention, viral hepatitis infection will become a serious public health problem in Burkina Faso.

[Epidemiology, characterization of genotypes of human papillomavirus in a population of women in Ouagadougou]. / Épidémiologie et caractérisation des génotypes de papillomavirus humain dans une population de femmes à Ouagadougou.

OBJECTIVES: This work was carried out in order to determine the prevalence of different HPV genotypes in a population of women attending gynecological consultation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From May to June 2010, cervical samples were obtained from 300 women attending gynecological consultation in two health centers in Ouagadougou. The strains of HPV genotyping was done using the technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by reverse hybridization on nitrocellulose strips. RESULTS: Among the 73 women(24.3%) infected with HPV, only 27.4% (20/73) of them were infected with a HPV low risk (BR), the 72.6% (53/73). Other women were infected with at least one high risk HPV (HR). By combining the HPV genotypes found without taking into account the number of infected women, we found a total of 84 HPV among whom we have high-risk HPV : HPV-50'S(26/84 or 31.0%), HPV-18 (12/84 or 14.3%), HPV-16 (9/84 or 10.7%), HPV-30'S (5/84 or 5.9%), HPV-HR (5/84 or 5.9%) and HPV-45 (3/84 or 3.6%) and low-risk HPV: HPV-6 (15/84 or 17.9%) and HPV-BR (9/84 or 10.7%). We have found no HPV-11. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The prevalence of HPV found in our series is comparable to that found in the world. To complete this study, it would be necessary to investigate the prevalence of HPV found in cervical lesions in Burkina Faso.

Prevalence and genotype characterization of human papillomaviruses among HIV-seropositive in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

BACKGROUND: Approximately, 15-20 of 40 HPVs that infect the female genital tract confer a high-risk of invasive cancer, thus HPVs account for 95% of cervix cancers. The objectives of this study were to: (i) estimate the prevalence of HPV infection in women infected with HIV in Ouagadougou, (ii) identify potential carcinogenic HPV strains and (iii) determine whether existing HPV vaccines match the isolated strains. METHODS: From May 2009 to April 2010, 250 HIV-infected women were included in this study. Each woman was screened for the presence of HPV and for HPV genotype using PCR/hybridization technique. RESULTS: Of the 250 HIV-infected women, 59.6% were infected with at least one type of HPV. High-risk HPVs were identified with the following prevalence: HPV-18 (25.0%); HPV-50'S (25.5%); HPV-30'S (20.8%); HPV-16 (4.7%); HPV-45 (3.7%). Low-risk HPVs were represented by HPV-6 (5.7%) and HPV-11 (0.9%). CONCLUSION: The issue of the study showed that the existing vaccines: Gardasil and Cervarix may be used in the country although they match only HPV-16, HPV-18, HPV-6 and HPV-11. Further investigations should be continued for the establishment of vaccine that matches all genotypes circulating in the country.

[Evolution of antibiotic-resistance Staphylococcus aureus in Saint Camille Medical Centre in Ouagadougou]. / Evolution de la résistance de Staphylococcus aureus aux antibiotiques au Centre Médical Saint Camille de Ouagadougou.

BACKGROUND: Monitoring the antibiotic resistance of microorganisms in a specific geographic area can be useful in developing new approaches to first-intention antibiotherapy. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe the evolution of resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to antibiotics routinely used at Saint Camille Medical Centre in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso from 1996 to 2006. METHOD: Strains of S. aureus, isolated from various pathologic sources were tested to determine their susceptibility to antibiotics. Sensitivity tests were performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Antibiogram Committee of the French Society for Microbiology (version 2007). RESULTS: During the study period, 1160 staphylococci strains were isolated including 73.45% identified as S. aureus. Susceptibility tests demonstrated a significant increase in resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. The proportion of strains showing resistance to ampicillin reached 58.29% in 2000. Resistance to these antibiotics regressed significantly from 2000 to 2006. Resistance to pristinamycin and erythromycin showed a tendency to increase while resistance to gentamicin and oleandomycin showed no statistically significant change. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that S. aureus was the most common Staphylococcus genus present at the center and that it was resistant to several antibiotics. Reducing use of beta-lactam probably accounted for the significant decline in resistance to this type of antibiotic. Care should also be given to the use of other antibiotics such as pristinamycin and erythromycin since resistance appears to be increasing.

Human papillomaviruses prevalence and genital co-infections in HIV-seropositive women in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso).

The vaginal swabs among HIV-positive women in Africa often revealed opportunistic infections such as human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Mycoplasma that induce respectively cervix cancer and diseases such as vaginosis, abortions, infertility in through salpingitis. The purposes of this study were to: (1) seek for, the prevalence of pathogens such as HPV and Mycoplasma; (2) characterize the strains of HPV and estimate their prevalence; (3) identify among these women, those who were co-infected by these pathogens in order to cure them. From February 2009 to January 2010, 156 HIV-positive women attending our medical centers and aged from 19-45 years (mean age 33.65 +/- 5.75 years) had voluntarily accepted vaginal specimen's tests. PCR, ELISA and molecular hybridization were used for the identification and characterization of these pathogens. The results revealed the presence of Mycoplasma and HPV in 25.64 and 58.33% cases, respectively. The following HPV genotypes and the following prevalence were recorded: HPV-50'S (24.11%), HPV-18 (21.28%), HPV-30'S (18.44%) and HPV-16 (5.67%). The study also enable the identification of co-infections such as HPV-18 strains with HPV-30'S (5.67%) and HPV-30'S with HPV-50'S (3.55%). Other germs infecting the female genital tract including Candida albicans (20.51%), Escherichia coli (12.18%), Treponema pallidum (3.85%), Streptococcus agalactiae (3.21%) and Staphylococcus aureus (1.92%) were isolated. This preliminary research work showed the incidence of several genital pathogens, this could be a springboard for nationwide epidemiological study on HPV strains circulating in Burkina Faso.

Co-infection of Toxoplasma gondii with HBV in HIV-infected and uninfected pregnant women in Burkina Faso.

Toxoplasma gondii infections can induce serious complications in HIV-infected pregnant women, leading to miscarriage; favour the mother-to-child transmission of HBV and HIV and birth defects. The purposes of this study were: (1) to quantify IgM and IgG antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in HIV-seropositive and seronegative pregnant women, (2) to identify hepatitis B antigens (HBsAg) in pregnant women and (3) to determine T. gondii and HBV co-infections among these patients. The study was conducted at Centre Medical Saint Camille, in Burkina Faso from January to June 2009. A total of 276 HIV-infected and uninfected pregnant women were included. All women had less than 32 weeks of amenorrhoea and were aged from 19 to 42 years. Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and HBsAg were detected using ELISA method. In addition, women freely agreed to answer a questionnaire. The results of our investigations revealed that, among these pregnant women, 38.8% were illiterates, 50.4% were housewives and only 5.4% were civil servants. Positive T. gondii-specific IgM (4.7%) and IgG (27.2%) were detected. In this study, we found that HIV-seropositive status seem to be associated with great prevalence rates of both T. gondii (31.9 vs. 22.5%) and HBV (13.0 vs. 5.8%). The elevated co-infection rate in HIV-positive women suggested that they are exposed to T. gondii and HBV infections prevalently because of their immune depression. Therefore, to reduce the prevalence of T. gondii and HBV among HIV-seropositive pregnant women, lamivudine could be included in their HEART and women should follow healthy lifestyle formation.

Mother-to-child HIV and HHV-8 transmission in neonates at Saint Camille Medical Centre in Burkina Faso.

In Sub-Saharan Africa, many HIV infected people are co-infected with Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV-8). Therefore, the present study aimed to: (1) identify the pregnant women co-infected by HIV and HHV-8 at Saint Camille Medical Centre; (2) use three molecules (Zidovudine, Nevirapine and Lamivudine) to interrupt the vertical transmission of HIV and (3) use the PCR technique to diagnose children, who were infected by these viruses, in order to offer them an early medical assistance. A total of 107 pregnant women, aged from 19 to 42 years were diagnosed to be HIV positive at Saint Camille Centre; among them 13 were co-infected with HHV-8. All included women received the HAART. Two to six months after childbirth their babies underwent PCR diagnosis for HIV and HHV-8. The results revealed that, among these mothers, 68.2% were housewives, 34.6% were illiterates and 60.7% did not have university degree. The prevalence of HHV-8 among these pregnant women was 12.15% and the rate of vertical transmission of both HIV and HHV-8, was 0.0%. The issue of this study revealed that the antiretroviral therapy increased the mother CD4 T-cells, prevented the transcription of the mRNA of HHV-8 and blocked HIV vertical transmission.

Aetiology of acute gastro-enteritis in children at Saint Camille Medical Centre, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

UNLABELLED: The present study aims at identifying the infectious agents responsible for child Acute GastroEnteritis (AGE) in Ouagadougou. From May 5 2006 to June 22 2008, 648 children aged from 2 to 41 months, with at least an average of 3 loose stools per day have been enrolled for coproculture, parasitology and virology test. Among them, 34 (5.25%) were HIV seropositive. A single sample of faeces from each child was used to identify enteropathogens. An infectious aetiology was identified in 41.20% of cases. The pathogenic agents detected as responsible for the AGE are: Rotavirus 21.1%; Adenovirus 1.9%; Giardia 7.6% Entamoeba; 1.08%; entero-pathogenic E. coli 41.7%; Salmonella 3.40%; Shigella 1.85% and Yersinia 1.70%. CONCLUSION: Therefore, these AGE etiologic agents constitute a problem of public health in Burkina Faso. Their control for the child would require: (1) a regular paediatric and clinical follow up; (2) health education of the population for food hygiene and (3) in case of absence of HIV infection in the mother, a promotion of exclusive breast-feeding up to the age of 4 months.