Phylogeography and phenotypic wing shape variation in a damselfly across populations in Europe.

BACKGROUND: Describing geographical variation in morphology of organisms in combination with data on genetic differentiation and biogeography can provide important information on how natural selection shapes such variation. Here we study genetic structure using ddRAD seq and wing shape variation using geometric morphometrics in 14 populations of the damselfly Lestes sponsa along its latitudinal range in Europe. RESULTS: The genetic analysis showed a significant, yet relatively weak population structure with high genetic heterozygosity and low inbreeding coefficients, indicating that neutral processes contributed very little to the observed wing shape differences. The genetic analysis also showed that some regions of the genome (about 10%) are putatively shaped by selection. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the Spanish and French populations were the ancestral ones with northern Swedish and Finnish populations being the most derived ones. We found that wing shape differed significantly among populations and showed a significant quadratic (but weak) relationship with latitude. This latitudinal relationship was largely attributed to allometric effects of wing size, but non-allometric variation also explained a portion of this relationship. However, wing shape showed no phylogenetic signal suggesting that lineage-specific variation did not contribute to the variation along the latitudinal gradient. In contrast, wing size, which is correlated with body size in L. sponsa, had a strong negative correlation with latitude. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest a relatively weak population structure among the sampled populations across Europe, but a clear differentiation between south and north populations. The observed geographic phenotypic variation in wing shape may have been affected by different local selection pressures or environmental effects.

Bird predation selects for wing shape and coloration in a damselfly.

Wing shape is related to flight performance, which is expected to be under selection for improving flight behaviours such as predator avoidance. Moreover, wing conspicuousness, usually involved in sexual selection processes, is also relevant in terms of predation risk. In this study, we examined how predation by a passerine bird, the white wagtail Motacilla alba, selects wing shape and wing colour patch size in males of the banded demoiselle Calopteryx splendens. The wing colour patch is intra- and intersexually selected in the study species. In a field study, we compared wings of live damselflies to wings of predated damselflies which are always discarded after predation. Based on aerodynamic theory and a previous study on wing shape of territorial tactics in damselflies, we predicted an overall short and broad wing, with a concave front margin shape to be selected by predation. This shape would be expected to improve escaping ability. Moreover, we predicted that wing patch size should be negatively selected by predation. We found that selection operated differently on fore- and hindwings. In contrast to our predictions, predation favoured a slender general forewing shape. However, the predicted wing shape was favoured in hindwings. We also found selection favouring a narrower wing colour patch. Our results suggest different roles of fore- and hindwings in flight, as previously suggested for Calopteryx damselflies and shown for butterflies and moths. Forewings would be more involved in sustained flight and hindwings in flight manoeuvrability. Our results differ somehow from a recently published work in the same study system, but using another population, suggesting that selection can fluctuate across space, despite the simplicity of this predator-prey system.

Habitat variation and wing coloration affect wing shape evolution in dragonflies.

Habitats are spatially and temporally variable, and organisms must be able to track these changes. One potential mechanism for this is dispersal by flight. Therefore, we would expect flying animals to show adaptations in wing shape related to habitat variation. In this work, we explored variation in wing shape in relation to preferred water body (flowing water or standing water with tolerance for temporary conditions) and landscape (forested to open) using 32 species of dragonflies of the genus Trithemis (80% of the known species). We included a potential source of variation linked to sexual selection: the extent of wing coloration on hindwings. We used geometric morphometric methods for studying wing shape. We also explored the phenotypic correlation of wing shape between the sexes. We found that wing shape showed a phylogenetic structure and therefore also ran phylogenetic independent contrasts. After correcting for the phylogenetic effects, we found (i) no significant effect of water body on wing shape; (ii) male forewings and female hindwings differed with regard to landscape, being progressively broader from forested to open habitats; (iii) hindwings showed a wider base in wings with more coloration, especially in males; and (iv) evidence for phenotypic correlation of wing shape between the sexes across species. Hence, our results suggest that natural and sexual selection are acting partially independently on fore- and hindwings and with differences between the sexes, despite evidence for phenotypic correlation of wing shape between males and females.

Algunas paradojas en la enseñanza actual de la medicina interna en Argentina / Some paradoxes in the current internal medicine teaching in Argentina

Este trabajo tiene como propósito reflexionar sobre algunas circunstancias que, en Argentina, contribuyen a la crisis de la educación médica y al descontento tanto de pacientes como de profesionales. El centro de atención es la medicina interna. Del análisis surgen algunas paradojas vinculadas con la actual formación de grado y posgrado. Si bien el primer nivel de atención de la salud, en el marco de la atención primaria, puede resolver el 80% de los problemas de salud de la población, la enseñanza de la medicina interna continúa realizándose sobre el paciente hospitalizado. Esto afecta a la forma en que se practica la medicina, pues se privilegia la tecnología en el diagnóstico y tratamiento sobre la prevención de las enfermedades y la promoción de la salud. Las causas de este panorama son varias, destacando el poco tiempo dedicado a la educación en el ámbito del consultorio con pacientes ambulatorios (AU)

The aim of this paper is to think about some circumstances that, in Argentina, generate the current medical education crisisas well as dissatisfaction among patients and doctors. The center of attention is the internal medicine. From the analysis there arise some paradoxes linked with the degree and postdegree training. Though the first level of health attention, in the frame of the primary care, can solve 80% of the health problems, the internal medicine education continues be ingrealized on hospitalized patients. This has consequences on how medicine is practiced, since technology in the diagnosis and treatment is favored over the prevention of the diseases and the health promotion. There are several reasons for this (..) (AU)

Presentación seudotumoral de una isquemia de cono medular / Pseudotumoral presentation of the spinal cord ischemia

Se presenta un caso de isquemia de la médula espinal, proceso muy poco frecuente que, en este paciente, se manifiesta como un cuadro pseudotumoral. Se actualizan las mielopatías agudas no traumáticas, en especial, la mielopatía isquémica. (AU)

Presentación seudotumoral de una isquemia de cono medular / Pseudotumoral presentation of the spinal cord ischemia

Se presenta un caso de isquemia de la médula espinal, proceso muy poco frecuente que, en este paciente, se manifiesta como un cuadro pseudotumoral. Se actualizan las mielopatías agudas no traumáticas, en especial, la mielopatía isquémica.