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1.
Int J Mol Sci ; 24(14)2023 Jul 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37511048

ABSTRACT

Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) has been actively pursued as a therapeutic target for osteoporosis, given that RANKL is the master mediator of bone resorption as it promotes osteoclast differentiation, activity and survival. We employed a structure-based virtual screening approach comprising two stages of experimental evaluation and identified 11 commercially available compounds that displayed dose-dependent inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. Their inhibitory effects were quantified through TRAP activity at the low micromolar range (IC50 < 5 µΜ), but more importantly, 3 compounds displayed very low toxicity (LC50 > 100 µΜ). We also assessed the potential of an N-(1-aryl-1H-indol-5-yl)aryl-sulfonamide scaffold that was based on the structure of a hit compound, through synthesis of 30 derivatives. Their evaluation revealed 4 additional hits that inhibited osteoclastogenesis at low micromolar concentrations; however, cellular toxicity concerns preclude their further development. Taken together with the structure-activity relationships provided by the hit compounds, our study revealed potent inhibitors of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis of high therapeutic index, which bear diverse scaffolds that can be employed in hit-to-lead optimization for the development of therapeutics against osteolytic diseases.


Subject(s)
Bone Resorption , Osteogenesis , RANK Ligand , Humans , Bone Resorption/drug therapy , Cell Differentiation , I-kappa B Proteins , NF-kappa B/pharmacology , NFATC Transcription Factors , Osteoclasts , Osteogenesis/drug effects , RANK Ligand/antagonists & inhibitors , Structure-Activity Relationship
2.
J Med Chem ; 63(20): 12043-12059, 2020 10 22.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32955874

ABSTRACT

Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) constitutes the master mediator of osteoclastogenesis, while its pharmaceutical inhibition by a monoclonal antibody has been approved for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. To date, the pursuit of pharmacologically more favorable approaches using low-molecular-weight inhibitors has been hampered by low specificity and high toxicity issues. This study aimed to discover small-molecule inhibitors targeting RANKL trimer formation. Through a systematic screening of 39 analogues of SPD-304, a dual inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and RANKL trimerization, we identified four compounds (1b, 3b, 4a, and 4c) that selectively inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in a dose-dependent manner, without affecting TNF activity or osteoblast differentiation. Based on structure-activity observations extracted from the most potent and less toxic inhibitors of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, we synthesized a focused set of compounds that revealed three potent inhibitors (19a, 19b, and 20a) with remarkably low cell-toxicity and improved therapeutic indexes as shown by the LC50 to IC50 ratio. These RANKL-selective inhibitors are an excellent starting point for the development of small-molecule therapeutics against osteolytic diseases.


Subject(s)
Chromans/pharmacology , Drug Discovery , Indoles/pharmacology , RANK Ligand/antagonists & inhibitors , Small Molecule Libraries/pharmacology , Animals , Cell Survival/drug effects , Chromans/chemical synthesis , Chromans/chemistry , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Humans , Indoles/chemical synthesis , Indoles/chemistry , Ligands , Mice , Molecular Dynamics Simulation , Molecular Structure , Osteogenesis , RANK Ligand/metabolism , Small Molecule Libraries/chemical synthesis , Small Molecule Libraries/chemistry , Structure-Activity Relationship , Therapeutic Index
3.
J Agric Food Chem ; 60(32): 7873-9, 2012 Aug 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22827723

ABSTRACT

Naturally occurring cinnamic acid derivatives are ubiquitously distributed in the plant kingdom, and it has been proposed that their consumption contributes to the maintenance of human health. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their health keeping effects remain unknown. In the present investigation, we evaluated the capacity of several cinnamic acid derivatives (trans-cinnamic, p-coumaric, caffeic and ferulic acids, as well as caffeic acid-methyl and -propyl esters) to protect cells from oxidative stress-induced DNA damage. It was observed that effective protection was based on the ability of each compound to (i) reach the intracellular space and (ii) chelate intracellular "labile" iron. These results support the notion that numerous lipophilic iron chelating compounds, present abundantly in plant-derived diet components, may protect cells in conditions of oxidative stress and in this way be important contributors toward maintenance of human health.


Subject(s)
Cinnamates/pharmacology , DNA Damage/drug effects , Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology , Iron Chelating Agents/pharmacology , Caffeic Acids/pharmacology , Coumaric Acids/pharmacology , Hep G2 Cells , Humans , Jurkat Cells , Oxidative Stress/drug effects
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