ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The "diabetic lung" has been identified as a possible target organ in diabetes, with abnormalities in ventilation control, bronchomotor tone, lung volume, pulmonary diffusing capacity, and neuroadrenergic bronchial innervation. OBJECTIVE: This review summarizes studies related to diabetic pneumopathy, pathophysiology and a number of pulmonary disorders including type 1 and type 2 diabetes. METHODOLOGY: Electronic searches were conducted on databases such as Pub Med, Wiley Online Library (WOL), Scopus, Elsevier, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar using standard keywords "diabetes," "diabetes Pneumopathy," "Pathophysiology," "Lung diseases," "lung infection" for review articles published between 1978 to 2023 very few previous review articles based their focus on diabetic pneumopathy and its pathophysiology. RESULTS: Globally, the incidence of diabetes mellitus has been rising. It is a chronic, progressive metabolic disease. The "diabetic lung" may serve as a model of accelerated ageing since diabetics' rate of respiratory function deterioration is two to three-times higher than that of normal, non-smoking people. CONCLUSION: Diabetes-induced pulmonary dysfunction has not gained the attention it deserves due to a lack of proven causality and changes in cellular properties. The mechanism underlying a particular lung illness can still only be partially activated by diabetes but there is evidence that hyperglycemia is linked to pulmonary fibrosis in diabetic people.
ABSTRACT
Objective: This study estimates the frequency and predictors of caregiver strain (CGS) among parents of autistic children.Methods: Demographic details and CGS were collected through a validated tool from 403 parents of autistic children in Karachi, Pakistan. Regression modelling was performed to report associations between social, behavioural, and communication problems and socioeconomic predictors of CGS. Results were reported using adjusted beta-coefficients with 95% confidence intervals.Results: In total, 88.3% of the parents reported moderate to severe CGS. A high family income (ß = -4.31, 95% CI -7.55, -0.11), and caregiver's higher level of education (ß = -4.73, 95% CI -8.84, -0.61), along with care-recipient age group (ß = -9.35, 95% CI -15.17, -3.52) significantly predicted lower CGS. Diagnosis of more than 5 years (ß = 7.57, 95% CI 2.36, 12.79), tendency to self-harm (ß = 10.75, 95% CI 6.62, 14.88), and social withdrawal in the care-recipient (ß = 4.56, 95% CI 1.68, 7.44) were significantly associated with higher CGS.Conclusion: Parents of children on the autistic spectrum suffer from high CGS. There is a need to introduce tailored parenting interventions at the individual and community levels to help parents reduce the CGS, ultimately benefiting their child.
ABSTRACT
Effects of GABA-ergic agonists and antagonists were examined on the melanophores of a carp C. mrigala in vitro. GABA and baclofen both induced concentration - related dispersion in fish melanophores. Denervation of the melanophores by reserpine treatment potentiated the sensitivity of the melanophores to GABA. While denervation by cooling treatment inhibited the sensitivity of the melanophores to GABA, atropine, bicuculline and pentylenetetrazole all inhibited the dispersal responses of the melanophores induced by higher concentrations of GABA. 5-aminovaleric acid also significantly inhibited the dispersion of the melanophores induced either by GABA or baclofen. It is concluded that GABA-ergic agonist induced dispersal responses in C mrigala melanophores are mediated through specific GABA receptors. The presence of both GABAA and GABAB receptors in this fish melanophores has been indicated.