Geographical distribution of Leishmania species in Colombia, 1985-2017. / Distribución geográfica de las especies de Leishmania en Colombia, 1985-2017

INTRODUCTION: Knowledge of the geographical distribution of Leishmania species allows guiding the sampling to little-studied areas and implementing strategies to define risk zones and priority areas for control. OBJECTIVE: Given that there is no publication that collects this information, the search, review, and compilation of the available scientific literature that has identified species in Colombia is presented in this paper. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A bibliographic search was performed in PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar, SciELO and LILACS with the terms "(Leishmania OR Leishmaniasis) AND species AND Colombia", without restrictions on publication year, language or infected organism; records of national scientific events and repositories of theses from Colombian universities were also included. RESULTS: Eighty-six scientific documents published between 1985 and 2017 were found in which the species of Leishmania and their geographical origin were indicated. The species reported, in descending order of frequency, were: Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis, L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) guyanensis, L. (Leishmania) infantum, L. (L.) amazonensis, L. (L.) mexicana, L. (V.) colombiensis, L. (V.) lainsoni and L. (V.) equatorensis; the last three were found with the same frequency. Leishmania species were reported from 29 departments. CONCLUSION: Information on the distribution of Leishmania species in Colombia is limited; therefore, it is necessary to gather existing data and propose studies that consolidate the distribution maps of Leishmania species in Colombia. This would allow the detection of areas where species have not been identified as well as the comparison of existing parasite and vector distributions.

Introducción. El conocimiento de la distribución geográfica de las especies de Leishmania permite orientar el muestreo hacia áreas poco estudiadas e implementar estrategias para detectar zonas de riesgo y áreas prioritarias de control. Objetivo. Dado que no existe una publicación que reúna esta información, se planteó la revisión y compilación de la literatura científica disponible de estudios de identificación de especies del país. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda bibliográfica en PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Google Académico, SciELO y Lilacs con los términos "(Leishmania OR Leishmaniasis) AND especie AND Colombia", así como en memorias de eventos científicos nacionales y repositorios de tesis y trabajos de grado de universidades del país. Resultados. Se encontraron 86 documentos científicos publicados entre 1985 y 2017, en los cuales se informaron la especie de Leishmania y el origen geográfico. Las especies circulantes reportadas, en su orden de frecuencia, fueron: Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis, L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) guyanensis, L. (Leishmania) infantum, L. (L.) amazonensis, L. (L.) mexicana, L. (V.) colombiensis, L. (V.) lainsoni y L. (V.) equatorensis, las últimas tres, con igual frecuencia. Los reportes proceden de 29 departamentos. Conclusión. La información de la distribución de las especies de Leishmania en Colombia es limitada. Por lo tanto, se necesita reunir los datos existentes y plantear trabajos que permitan consolidar el mapa de distribución de las especies en el país, lo cual permitiría detectar las zonas sin información de las especies circulantes y establecer la concordancia entre su distribución y la de los vectores.

Miltefosine and antimonial drug susceptibility of Leishmania Viannia species and populations in regions of high transmission in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Pentavalent antimonials have been the first line treatment for dermal leishmaniasis in Colombia for over 30 years. Miltefosine is administered as second line treatment since 2005. The susceptibility of circulating populations of Leishmania to these drugs is unknown despite clinical evidence supporting the emergence of resistance. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In vitro susceptibility was determined for intracellular amastigotes of 245 clinical strains of the most prevalent Leishmania Viannia species in Colombia to miltefosine (HePC) and/or meglumine antimoniate (Sb(V)); 163, (80%) were evaluated for both drugs. Additionally, susceptibility to Sb(V) was examined in two cohorts of 85 L. V. panamensis strains isolated between 1980-1989 and 2000-2009 in the municipality of Tumaco. Susceptibility to each drug differed among strains of the same species and between species. Whereas 68% of L. V. braziliensis strains presented in vitro resistance to HePC, 69% were sensitive to Sb(V). Resistance to HePC and Sb(V) occurred respectively, in 20% y 21% of L. panamensis strains. Only 3% of L. V. guyanensis were resistant to HePC, and none to Sb(V). Drug susceptibility differed between geographic regions and time periods. Subpopulations having disparate susceptibility to Sb(V) were discerned among L. V. panamensis strains isolated during 1980-1990 in Tumaco where resistant strains belonged to zymodeme 2.3, and sensitive strains to zymodeme 2.2. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Large scale evaluation of clinical strains of Leishmania Viannia species demonstrated species, population, geographic, and epidemiologic differences in susceptibility to meglumine antimoniate and miltefosine, and provided baseline information for monitoring susceptibility to these drugs. Sensitive and resistant clinical strains within each species, and zymodeme as a proxy marker of antimony susceptibility for L. V. panamensis, will be useful in deciphering factors involved in susceptibility and the distribution of sensitive and resistant populations.

Novel approach to in vitro drug susceptibility assessment of clinical strains of Leishmania spp.

Resistance to antimonial drugs has been documented in Leishmania isolates transmitted in South America, Europe, and Asia. The frequency and distribution of resistance to these and other antileishmanial drugs are unknown. Technical constraints have limited the assessment of drug susceptibility of clinical strains of Leishmania. Susceptibility of experimentally selected lines and 130 clinical strains of Leishmania panamensis, L. braziliensis, and L. guyanensis to meglumine antimoniate and miltefosine was determined on the basis of parasite burden and percentage of infected U-937 human macrophages. Reductions of infection at single predefined concentrations of meglumine antimoniate and miltefosine and 50% effective doses (ED(50)s) were measured and correlated. The effects of 34°C and 37°C incubation temperatures and different parasite-to-host cell ratios on drug susceptibility were evaluated at 5, 10, and 20 parasites/cell. Reduction of the intracellular burden of Leishmania amastigotes in U-937 cells exposed to the predefined concentrations of meglumine antimoniate or miltefosine discriminated sensitive and experimentally derived resistant Leishmania populations and was significantly correlated with ED(50) values of clinical strains (for meglumine antimoniate, ρ = -0.926 and P < 0.001; for miltefosine, ρ = -0.906 and P < 0.001). Incubation at 37°C significantly inhibited parasite growth compared to that at 34°C in the absence of antileishmanial drugs and resulted in a significantly lower ED(50) in the presence of drugs. Susceptibility assessment was not altered by the parasite-to-cell ratio over the range evaluated. In conclusion, measurement of the reduction of parasite burden at a single predetermined drug concentration under standardized conditions provides an efficient and reliable strategy for susceptibility evaluation and monitoring of clinical strains of Leishmania.

Distribución geográfica de especies de Leishmania aisladas de pacientes consultantes al Instituto Nacional de Dermatología Federico Lleras Acosta,E.S.E., 1995-2005 / Geographic distribution of Leishmania species isolated from patients at the National Institute of Dermatology Federico Lleras Acosta E.S.E., 1995-2005

Introducción. El mapa de la distribución de especies de Leishmania en Colombia no se ha actualizado desde hace siete años. Objetivo. Describir la distribución de las especies de Leishmania a partir de los aislamientos de pacientes consultantes al Instituto Nacional de Dermatología durante el período 1995 a 2005 Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de distribución geográfica de las especies de Leishmania, a partir de los aislamientos obtenidos de 137 pacientes consultantes al Instituto Nacional de Dermatología Federico Lleras Acosta E. S. E, con diagnóstico confirmado de leishmaniasis. Se revisó la historia clínica obteniendo la información de forma clínica, sitio probable de infección, edad y género. Se tomaron y cultivaron muestras de las lesiones y los aislamientos se tipificaron por anticuerpos monoclonales, comparando el 10 por ciento de los resultados con los obtenidos por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) y patrones isoenzimáticos.Resultados. La frecuencia encontrada de los 137 aislamientos fue: Leishmania panamensis 74,45 por ciento; Leishmania braziliensis 15,33 por ciento; Leishmania guyanensis 0,73 por ciento; Complejo Leishmania mexicana 3,65 por ciento, Leishmania mexicana 5,11 por ciento y el 0,73 por ciento restante correspondió a un aislamiento que no se pudo caracterizar por anticuerpos monoclonales. La distribución de L. braziliensis, L. panamensis y L. guyanensis fue concordante con lo reportado en estudios anteriores pero para las especies del complejo L. mexicana se encontraron procedencias no reportadas previamente: Caldas, Santander, Cundinamarca, Caquetá, Casanare, Cauca y Valle del Cauca. Conclusión. El complejo L. mexicana presenta una distribución más amplia de la reportada previamente. La utilidad de los monoclonales especie-específicos, los patrones isoenzimáticos y la PCR para L. mexicana y L. amazonensis fue limitada.

Introduction. The Colombian distribution map of Leishmania species has not been updated since seven years ago. Objective. To describe the distribution of Leishmania species isolated from patients attended at the National Institute of Dermatology during the period 1995 to 2005. Materials and methods. A descriptive study of the geographic distribution of Leishmania species was made from 137 isolates obtained from patients consulting the National Institute of Dermatology "Federico Lleras Acosta E.S.E", with confirmed diagnosis of leishmaniasis. The clinical history was reviewed to obtain information on the clinical presentation, most probable place of infection, age and gender. Samples were taken and cultured and the isolates were typed by monoclonal antibodies, comparing 10% of the results with those obtained by PCR and isoenzymatic patterns. Results. L. panamensis accounted for 74.45% of the 137 isolates studied, L. braziliensis for 15.33%, L. guyanensis for 0.73%; L. mexicana complex for 3.65%, L. mexicana 5.11% and the remaining 0.73% corresponded to an isolate which could not be characterized by monoclonal antibodies. The distribution of L. braziliensis, L. panamensis and L. guyanensis was similar to that reported in previous studies but species of the L. mexicana complex, were found in patients from the departments of Caldas, Santander, Cundinamarca, Caquetá, Casanare, Cauca and Valle del Cauca, where they had not been previously reported. Conclusion. Species of the L. mexicana complex display a wider distribution than previously reported. The usefulness of species-specific monoclonal antibodies, isoenzymatic patterns, and PCR for identification of L. mexicana and L. amazonensis was limited.

[Geographic distribution of Leishmania species isolated from patients at the National Institute of Dermatology Federico Lleras Acosta E.S.E., 1995-2005]. / Distribución geográfica de especies de Leishmania aisladas de pacientes consultantes al Instituto Nacional de Dermatología Federico Lleras Acosta, E.S.E., 1995-2005.

INTRODUCTION: The Colombian distribution map of Leishmania species has not been updated since seven years ago. OBJECTIVE: To describe the distribution of Leishmania species isolated from patients attended at the National Institute of Dermatology during the period 1995 to 2005. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive study of the geographic distribution of Leishmania species was made from 137 isolates obtained from patients consulting the National Institute of Dermatology "Federico Lleras Acosta E.S.E", with confirmed diagnosis of leishmaniasis. The clinical history was reviewed to obtain information on the clinical presentation, most probable place of infection, age and gender. Samples were taken and cultured and the isolates were typed by monoclonal antibodies, comparing 10% of the results with those obtained by PCR and isoenzymatic patterns. RESULTS: L. panamensis accounted for 74.45% of the 137 isolates studied, L. braziliensis for 15.33%, L. guyanensis for 0.73%; L. mexicana complex for 3.65%, L. mexicana 5.11% and the remaining 0.73% corresponded to an isolate which could not be characterized by monoclonal antibodies. The distribution of L. braziliensis, L. panamensis and L. guyanensis was similar to that reported in previous studies but species of the L. mexicana complex, were found in patients from the departments of Caldas, Santander, Cundinamarca, Caquetá, Casanare, Cauca and Valle del Cauca, where they had not been previously reported. CONCLUSION: Species of the L. mexicana complex display a wider distribution than previously reported. The usefulness of species-specific monoclonal antibodies, isoenzymatic patterns, and PCR for identification of L. mexicana and L. amazonensis was limited.

Exactitud del elisa para el diagnóstico de fascioliasis bovina: análisis del área bajo la curva del receptor operador (ROC) / Elisa test evaluation for diagnosis of bovine fascioliasis: receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis

Se estandarizó y evaluó la prueba de Elisa para el serodiagnóstico de la fascioliasis bovina empleando tres antígenos diferentes de Fasciola hepatica: somático crudo (AgS) y metabólicos, excretor-secretor total (AgE/S-T) y excretor-secretor parcialmente purificado (AgE/S-PP). Se recolectaron treinta muestras de suero de bovinos infectados naturalmente con F. hepatica y parasitológicamente comprobados, sacrificados en mataderos. Estos provenían de regiones de Colombia consideradas zonas endémicas, que se encuentran por encima de los 1.800 metros msnm, y 45 sueros de bovinos de edad y manutención conocida desde el nacimiento hasta su sangría, los cuales vivían en zonas no endémicas de F. hepatica y que fueron consideradas como muestras negativas. Se utilizó el análisis del área bajo la curva del receptor operador (ROC) siguiendo el método de integración trapezoidal para establecer la exactitud del Elisa y discriminar ejemplares parasitados de los anos. Los tres antígenos de F. hepatica, (AgS), (AgE/S-T) y (AgE/S PP), debido a su gran capacidad discriminatoria entre bovinos sanos de los infectados, pueden utilizarse en el serodiagnóstico de fascioliasis bovina