Caracterización de recién nacidos a término con deshidratación hipernatrémica / Characterization of full term newborns with hypernatremic dehydration

INTRODUCCIÓN: La deshidratación hipernatrémica neonatal es una condición grave y su incidencia se ha incre mentado en los últimos años, repercutiendo en complicaciones que llevan a la hospitalización del recién nacido. OBJETIVO: Describir las características clínicas y de laboratorio de recién nacidos a término con diagnóstico de deshidratación hipernatremica. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Estudio observacional descriptivo de recién nacidos a término que se hospitalizaron por deshidratación hiperna trémica entre los años 2014 y 2016. Se incluyeron recién nacidos a término mayores de 37 semanas con signos clínicos de deshidratación (mucosas secas, fontanela deprimida, llanto sin lágrimas, signos de pliegue cutáneo) y/o pérdida excesiva de peso mayor de 7% y sodio sérico mayor a 145 mEq/L. Se registraron variables sociodemográficas y bioquímicas para su análisis. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 43 neonatos. El 60,5% de sus madres fueron primigestantes, el 90% de los neonatos recibieron lactancia materna exclusiva, las madres reportaron problemas en la lactancia materna en el 76,7%. La pérdida de peso al ingreso con respecto al peso de nacimiento fue de 15,3% en promedio. El 83,3% contaba con seguro de salud público. 65,1% presentó signos clínicos de deshidra tación al ingreso y 83,5% signos neurológicos transitorios. El promedio de sodio fue de 155 mEq/L al ingreso. El descenso de sodio en las primeras 24 horas de manejo fue 7,74 mEq/L (0,32mEq/L por hora). La corrección de la hipernatremia fue en el 55,8% por vía oral y la estancia hospitalaria de 4 días en promedio. CONCLUSIONES: Los problemas de alimentación se presentaron en un (76%) madres primigestantes en un (88,4%). El 90,6% de esta población administraban lactancia materna exclusiva, resultados que pueden contribuir para alertar al profesional de la salud a identificar de forma oportuna, signos de alarma y un control precoz posterior al alta del puerperio y a la toma de medidas preventivas.

INTRODUCTION: The hypernatremic neonatal dehydration is a severe condition whose incidence has increased in recent years resulting in complications leading to the hospitalization of the newborn. OBJECTIVE: Describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics of term-newborns with Hypernatremic Dehy dration diagnosis. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Descriptive observational study of hospitalized term- newborns due to hypernatremic dehydration between a period from 2014 to 2016. Term newborns over 37 weeks with clinical signs of dehydration (dry mucous membranes, depressed fontanel, tear less crying, signs of the cutaneous pleat), and/or excessive weight loss greater than 7% and serum sodium greater than 145 mEq/L were included. Sociodemographic and biochemical variables were recorded for analysis. RESULTS: 43 neonates were included. 60.5 percent of their mothers were pri- miparous, 90 percent of neonates received exclusive breastfeeding, mothers reported breastfeeding problems in 76.7 percent. Incoming neonates reported weight loss compared to birth weight at 15.3% on average. 83.3% had public health insurance. 65.1% had dehydration clinical signs at entry and 83.5% transient neurological signs. The average sodium was 155 mEq/L at revenue. The sodium decrease in the first 24 hours of handling was 7.74 mEq/L (0.32mEq/L per hour). The correction of the hypernatremia was 55.8% by oral intake and 4 days hospital stay on average. CONCLUSIONS: The feeding's problems came up in a (76%), primiparous mothers in an (88.4%). 90.6 percent of this population administered exclusive breastfeeding, results that can help to alert the health professional to timely identification, warning signs, and early post-discharge control and preventive measures.

[Characterization of full term newborns with hypernatremic dehydration]. / Caracterización de recién nacidos a término con deshidratación hipernatrémica.

INTRODUCTION: The hypernatremic neonatal dehydration is a severe condition whose incidence has increased in recent years resulting in complications leading to the hospitalization of the newborn. OBJECTIVE: Describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics of term-newborns with Hypernatremic Dehy dration diagnosis. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Descriptive observational study of hospitalized term- newborns due to hypernatremic dehydration between a period from 2014 to 2016. Term newborns over 37 weeks with clinical signs of dehydration (dry mucous membranes, depressed fontanel, tear less crying, signs of the cutaneous pleat), and/or excessive weight loss greater than 7% and serum sodium greater than 145 mEq/L were included. Sociodemographic and biochemical variables were recorded for analysis. RESULTS: 43 neonates were included. 60.5 percent of their mothers were pri- miparous, 90 percent of neonates received exclusive breastfeeding, mothers reported breastfeeding problems in 76.7 percent. Incoming neonates reported weight loss compared to birth weight at 15.3% on average. 83.3% had public health insurance. 65.1% had dehydration clinical signs at entry and 83.5% transient neurological signs. The average sodium was 155 mEq/L at revenue. The sodium decrease in the first 24 hours of handling was 7.74 mEq/L (0.32mEq/L per hour). The correction of the hypernatremia was 55.8% by oral intake and 4 days hospital stay on average. CONCLUSIONS: The feeding's problems came up in a (76%), primiparous mothers in an (88.4%). 90.6 percent of this population administered exclusive breastfeeding, results that can help to alert the health professional to timely identification, warning signs, and early post-discharge control and preventive measures.

Mastectomía ahorradora de piel tipo IV con injerto libre de areola-pezón para reconstrucción con prótesis en cirugia reductora de riesgo / Reductive risk surgery with prosthetic reconstruction by using type IV skin sparrow mastectomy with free nipple-areola graft

Introducción y Objetivo. Los avances en el tratamiento del cáncer de mama y las múltiples opciones reconstructivas para las pacientes hacen necesario entender una variedad de procedimientos a diferentes niveles según el tipo de cirugía oncológica indicada en cada caso: desde reconstrucción diferida postmastectomía con expansores de piel y segundo tiempo para implantación de prótesis definitiva, hasta reconstrucción inmediata con técnicas complejas de Microcirugía en un solo tiempo. Ilustramos paso por paso una técnica de reconstrucción mamaria inmediata en un solo tiempo utilizando prótesis aloplásticas tras mastectomía ahorradora de piel en pacientes subsidiarias de cirugía reductora de riesgo, antes llamada profiláctica, que es una indicación relativamente frecuente en nuestro medio a fin de hacer prevención primaria y secundaria del cáncer de mama. Material y método. Descripción detallada de la técnica quirúrgica de mastectomía tipo IV con injerto libre de complejo areola-pezón (MIVAP), ejemplificando con dibujos y fotos didácticas para su entendimiento y presentando 9 casos con sus diferentes indicaciones. Resultados. La indicación más frecuente en nuestra muestra fue el antecedente de cáncer ginecológico (ovario o mama) asociado a mutación en el gen BRCA 1 o 2. Otras indicaciones fueron: positividad para mutación del BRCA 1 o 2 sin antecedentes tumorales, mutaciones en el gen supresor p53 (síndrome de Li-Fraumeni), cancerofobia o alta carga familiar de cáncer de mama u ovario (más de 3 familiares en primera línea) sin positividad para ninguna mutación genética. Tuvimos 1 caso de infección postquirúrgica, 1 linfedema postquirúrgico grado II en biopsia selectiva de ganglio centinela (BSGC) y 1 necrosis parcial de complejo areola pezón. El efecto estético negativamente valorado más frecuente fue la fibrosis tisular con falta de volumen en los cuadrantes mediales de la mama (imagen ancha del escote). La reincorporación a la vida habitual tuvo una media de 34 días. El tipo de prótesis más utilizado fue texturizada de alta proyección, de entre 250 y 350 gr. Conclusiones. La MIVAP es una técnica válida para reconstrucción mamaria en pacientes subsidiarias de mastectomía reductora de riesgo cuando la indicación es correcta. Aunque con ciertas limitaciones estéticas, se realiza en un solo tiempo y minimiza las complicaciones del uso de expansores. Los casos presentados evolucionaron favorablemente, con baja incidencia de complicaciones y elevado grado de satisfacción

Background and objective. Advances in treatment of breast cancer and different reconstructive options make it necessary to understand a variety of procedures depending on the type of oncological surgery performed on each patient. The range of reconstructive procedures varies from delayed post-mastectomy reconstruction, using skin expanders and in a second time implantation of a definitive prosthesis, to immediate reconstruction by complex microsurgical techniques in a single time. Our aim is to illustrate, step by step, an immediate breast reconstruction technique in a single time using alloplastic prostheses after a skin-sparing mastectomy in patients that are subsidiary to risk-reducing surgery, formerly called prophylactic mastectomy, is a frequent indication in our setting used for primary and secondary prevention of breast cancer. Methods. The procedure of a type IV mastectomy with nipple-areola complex free graft (MIVAP) is carefully described. Original drawings and didatic images are shown for the correct understanding of the procedure. We present 9 cases with their different indications. Results. The most frequent indication in our sample to perform a MIVAP was a history of gynecological cancer (ovary or breast) associated with a mutation in BRCA 1 or 2 gene. Other indications were: positivity for BRCA 1 or 2 mutation without cancer history, mutations in p53 suppressor gene (Li-Fraumeni syndrome), cancer-phobia or high family burden of breast or ovarian cancer (more than 3 first consanguinity line parents) without any mutation. There was a case of postoperative infection, 1 patient developed grade II postsurgical lymphedema associated with selective sentinel lymph node biopsy (BSGC), and 1 suffered nipple-areola partial necrosis. The most frequent negatively aesthetic effect was tissue fibrosis with lack of volume in the medial quadrants of the breast (broad image of the neckline). Patients returned to the habitual life around 34 days after the procedure. The prosthesis most frequently used was textured, high projection between 250 and 350 gr. Conclusions. MIVAP is a valid technique for breast reconstruction in candidates for risk-reducing mastectomy. Although there are certain aesthetic limitations, it is performed in a single surgical time and avoids complications related to cutaneous expanders. Our cases evolved favorably, with a low incidence of complications and a high degree of satisfaction

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Afectación retiniana tras inyección accidental intravítrea de mepivacaína y epinefrina / Retinal toxicity after accidental intravitreal injection of mepivacaine and adrenaline

Caso clínico: Varón de 32 años sin antecedentes de interés que sufre accidente de tráfico con trauma craneoencefálico leve, con herida inciso-contusa supraciliar izquierda que se extiende al párpado superior izquierdo sin pérdida de visión. Tras la inyección anestésica palpebral se produjo disminución de agudeza visual súbita del ojo izquierdo e hiposfagma localizado entre la I-III a 4 mm del limbo, con aumento de la presión intraocular. En el fondo de ojo se observó una lesión blanquecina con un punto hemorrágico central que se correspondía con el área del hiposfagma. Discusión: La infiltración anestésica durante la reparación palpebral puede complicarse con la penetración inadvertida del globo ocular. La mepivacaína y epinefrina intravítreas pueden causar lesiones maculares y retinianas por sí solas, así como por el aumento súbito de la presión intraocular (AU)

Case report: The case is presented of a 32 year-old male with no medical history of interest who suffered a traffic accident with mild traumatic brain injury. He had a left supraciliary incised and contused wound that extended to the left upper eyelid, with no loss of vision. After palpebral anaesthetic injection, there was a sudden visual acuity decrease in the left eye and hyposphagma located between I-III at 4 mm from the limbus, with increased intraocular pressure. A whitish lesion with a central haemorrhagic focus was observed in the ocular fundus, corresponding to the area where the hyposphagma was located. Discussion: Anaesthetic injection during palpebral repair may be complicated by inadvertent penetration of the eyeball. Intravitreal mepivacaine and adrenaline could cause macular and retinal lesions (AU)

Retinal toxicity after accidental intravitreal injection of mepivacaine and adrenaline. / Afectación retiniana tras inyección accidental intravítrea de mepivacaína y epinefrina.

CASE REPORT: The case is presented of a 32 year-old male with no medical history of interest who suffered a traffic accident with mild traumatic brain injury. He had a left supraciliary incised and contused wound that extended to the left upper eyelid, with no loss of vision. After palpebral anaesthetic injection, there was a sudden visual acuity decrease in the left eye and hyposphagma located between I-III at 4mm from the limbus, with increased intraocular pressure. A whitish lesion with a central haemorrhagic focus was observed in the ocular fundus, corresponding to the area where the hyposphagma was located. DISCUSSION: Anaesthetic injection during palpebral repair may be complicated by inadvertent penetration of the eyeball. Intravitreal mepivacaine and adrenaline could cause macular and retinal lesions.

Uveítis unilateral asociada a nefropatía IgA / Unilateral uveitis associated with IgA nephropathy

Caso clínico: Presentamos el caso de un varón de 42 años de edad con varios episodios de uveítis unilateral en su ojo derecho. El examen oftalmológico mostró una uveítis anterior granulomatosa con vitritis. El estudio sistémico puso de manifiesto una proteinuria de rango no nefrótico y microhematuria. La biopsia renal reveló una nefropatía IgA. Discusión: Las uveítis y las glomerulonefritis podrían tener mecanismos inmunológicos comunes. En el diagnóstico diferencial de los pacientes con uveítis y nefropatías debería incluirse la nefropatía IgA (AU)

Case report: The case is presented of a 42 year-old man with episodes of unilateral uveitis in his right eye. Ophthalmic examination showed a granulomatous anterior uveitis with vitritis. Systemic investigations revealed non-nephrotic proteinuria and microhaematuria. A renal biopsy showed IgA nephropathy. Discussion: Uveitis and glomerulonephritis may have common immunological pathogenesis. IgA nephropathy should be a differential diagnosis in patients with uveitis and nephropathy (AU)

Unilateral uveitis associated with IgA nephropathy. / Uveítis unilateral asociada a nefropatía IgA.

CASE REPORT: The case is presented of a 42 year-old man with episodes of unilateral uveitis in his right eye. Ophthalmic examination showed a granulomatous anterior uveitis with vitritis. Systemic investigations revealed non-nephrotic proteinuria and microhaematuria. A renal biopsy showed IgA nephropathy. DISCUSSION: Uveitis and glomerulonephritis may have common immunological pathogenesis. IgA nephropathy should be a differential diagnosis in patients with uveitis and nephropathy.

Programa de cribado para el déficit De alfa 1-antitripsina en el servicio de neumonología del Hospital Tránsito Cáceres de Allende / Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency screening program at the Pneumonology Department of Hospital Tránsito Cáceres de Allende

El déficit de alfa -1 Antitripsina (DAAT) es una enfermedad genética rara, asociada a un incremento a padecer enfisema pulmonar y hepatopatía crónicas en niños y adultos, frecuentemente subdiagnosticada, con largos retrasos entre el inicio de los síntomas y el diagnóstico definitivo. La alfa 1-antitripsina (AAT) es el inhibidor de proteasas más abundante en el organismo humano. Se considera déficit grave y es a lo que habitualmente se refiere la literatura científica a los siguientes fenotipos: SZ, ZZ y Null. Es necesario programas de cribado para su detección precoz, por lo que se ha descripto y validado un método sencillo y específico, mediante el cual se cuantifica el valor de AAT por nefelometría en muestras de gota de sangre en papel secante y se realiza genotipificación rápida de las variantes Z y S. Objetivos: Determinar la proporción de individuos con DAAT en una población de pacientes con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas. Identificar y caracterizar a aquellos con déficit de AAT. Materiales y Método: Estudio Observacional, Descriptivo de corte Transversal de cribado de déficit de AAT, entre el 2 de enero de 2014 a 30 de marzo de 2015. De 80 personas que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y que concurrieron de forma espontánea o por derivación al Servicio de Neumonología del Hospital Tránsito Cáceres de Allende, Córdoba, Argentina, se analizaron 62 pacientes que aceptaron realizarse el estudio. Se realizó dosaje de alfa1-antitripsina mediante gota de sangre en papel secante a los pacientes que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Se solicitó espirometría, Tomografía Computada de Tórax de Alta Resolución y genotipificación rápida solo a aquellos pacientes con valores de alfa 1-antitripsina < 1,8 mg/dL. Resultados: En el presente trabajo se estudió un total de 62 pacientes, 28 (45,2%) fueron de sexo femenino y 34 (54,8%) de sexo masculino, 37 (59,7%) tuvieron valores de alfa 1-antitripsina ≥ 1,8 mg/dL y 25 (40,3%) < 1,8 mg/dL. La obtención del genotipo por la técnica de gota seca a 25 (40,3%; 25:62) pacientes con valores < 1,8 mg/dL mostró que: 22 (88%; 22:25) fueron NoS NoZ, 2 (8%; 2:25) Heterocigoto para Z y 1 (4%; 1:25) Heterocigoto para S. El patrón espirométrico predominante según criterio de ATS/ERS fue el obstructivo (88%). El patrón en TCAR fue de enfisema en 22 pacientes (88%): 7 (31,8%) centrolobulillar, 8 (36,4%) paraseptal, 7 (31,8%) panlobulillar. Hubo 2 pacientes (8%) con bronquiectasias, y 1 (4%) fue normal. Conclusión: En una población seleccionada por síntomas y/o antecedentes se pueden identificar con el cribado con técnica de gota seca a pacientes con DAAT, que en su expresión grave es poco frecuente en la Argentina, probablemente subdiagnosticado, siendo superior el número de portadores heterocigotos PIS y PIZ. El diagnóstico precoz de DAAT es poco frecuente. Es difícil establecer conclusiones sobre el grupo de alfa 1-antitripsina <1,8 mg/dL sin ser deficiencias graves, en relación a las variables estudiadas en la muestra debido a la escases de estudios y bibliografía encontradas sobre el tema. Consideramos que los pacientes que presentan un genotipo No S No Z y los que presentan discordancia deben ser confirmados cuantitativamente y tener una caracterización del fenotipo en muestras de suero por Isoelectoenfoque y ocasionalmente el análisis molecular del gen para variantes alélicas poco frecuentes, nuevas o nulas.

Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency screening program at the Pneumonology Department of Hospital Tránsito Cáceres de Allende

Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a rare genetic disease associated with an increased risk of suffering from pulmonary emphysema and chronic hepatopathy in children and adults alike. It is often underdiagnosed, with long periods elapsing between the onset of symptoms and a definite diagnosis. Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) is the most abundant protease inhibitor in the human body. Scientific literature considers severe deficiency to be associated with the following phenotypes: SZ, ZZ and Null. Screening programs are required for early detection, this is why an easy and specific method has been described and validated. Through this method, AAT values are quantified using nephelometry in blood drop samples on blotting paper, then genotyping of the Z and S variants is quickly performed. Objectives: To determine the number of individuals with AATD within a population of patients with chronic respiratory diseases. To identify and define those with AAT deficiency. Materials and Method: Observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of AAT deficiency screening, between January 2nd, 2014 and March 30th, 2015. Out of 80 individuals who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and who spontaneously attended or were referred to the Pneumonology Department of Hospital Tránsito Cáceres de Allende, Córdoba, Argentina, 62 patients who agreed to the study were analyzed. A test to determine the concentration of alpha-1-antitrypsin was performed to the patients who met all the inclusion criteria using blood drops on blotting paper. Only patients with alpha-1-antitrypsin levels < 1.8 mg/dL were requested a spirometry, a high-resolution computed tomography of the chest and quick genotyping tests. Results: A total of 62 patients was evaluated in this study, 28 (45.2%) were females and 34 (54.8%) were males, 37 (59.7%) had alpha-1-antitrypsin levels ≥ 1.8 mg/dL and 25 (40.3%) < 1.8 mg/dL. Genotype elicitation using the dried-droplet method in 25 (40.3%; 25:62) patients with values < 1.8 mg/dL showed that: 22 (88%; 22:25) were Non-S Non-Z, 2 (8%; 2:25) were heterozygote for Z and 1 (4%; 1:25) was heterozygote for S. According to ATS/ERS criteria, the predominant spirometric pattern was obstructive (88%). The HRCT pattern corresponded to emphysema in 22 patients (88%): 7 (31.8%) centrilobular, 8 (36.4%) paraseptal, 7 (31.8%) panlobular. There were 2 patients (8%) with bronchiectasis and 1 (4%) was normal. Conclusion: In a population selected by symptoms and/or history, patients with AATD can be identified using the dried-droplet method. Severe AATD is uncommon in Argentina, probably because it is underdiagnosed, and the amount of heterozygote PIS and PIZ carriers is higher. Early AATD diagnosis is uncommon. It is difficult to draw conclusions about the alpha-1-antitrypsin group below 1.8 mg/dL without severe deficiencies in connection with the variables analyzed in the sample due to the lack of studies and bibliography on this subject. We consider that patients with non-S non-Z genotypes and the ones with discrepancies must be quantitatively confirmed and their phenotype defined in serum samples using isoelectric focusing and, occasionally, they must have a molecular gene analysis to look for uncommon, new or null allelic variants.

Pathogenesis of Enterococcal Spondylitis Caused by Enterococcus cecorum in Broiler Chickens.

Enterococcal spondylitis (ES) is a disease of commercial broiler chickens, with a worldwide distribution. Symmetrical hind limb paralysis typical of ES results from infection of the free thoracic vertebra (FTV) by pathogenic strains of Enterococcus cecorum . To determine the pathogenesis of ES, birds with natural and experimental ES were studied over time. In natural disease, case birds (n = 150) from an affected farm and control birds (n = 100) from an unaffected farm were evaluated at weeks 1-6. In control birds, intestinal colonization by E. cecorum began at week 3. In case birds, E. cecorum was detected in intestine and spleen at week 1, followed by infection of the FTV beginning at week 3. E. cecorum isolates recovered from intestine, spleen, and FTV of case birds had matching genotypes, confirming that intestinal colonization with pathogenic strains precedes bacteremia and infection of the FTV. Clinical intestinal disease was not required for E. cecorum bacteremia. In 1- to 3-week-old case birds, pathogenic E. cecorum was observed within osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) lesions in the FTV. To determine whether OCD of the FTV was a risk factor for ES, 214 birds were orally infected with E. cecorum, and the FTV was evaluated histologically at weeks 1-7. Birds without cartilage clefts of OCD in the FTV did not develop ES; while birds with OCD scores ≥3 were susceptible to lesion development. These findings suggest that intestinal colonization, bacteremia, and OCD of the FTV in early life are crucial to the pathogenesis of ES.

Análisis de la utilización de un protocolo de profilaxis antibiótica en cirugía mamaria / Analysis of the use of a protocol of antibiotic prophylaxis in breast surgery

Introducción y Objetivos. El concepto de profilaxis antibiótica en cirugía tiene como objetivo la reducción de la incidencia de infección postquirúrgica, con mínima morbilidad para el paciente. Es habitual encontrar protocolos teóricos diseñados para optimizar, unificar, facilitar y estandarizar los procesos clínicos. Sin embargo cuando estos son llevados a la práctica, se cometen errores de ejecución que menguan su efectividad. En el presente trabajo valoramos de forma objetiva la aplicación del protocolo de profilaxis antibiótica durante la cirugía mamaria en el Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, España, así como los errores más frecuentes que se presentan durante la ejecución del proceso, con la idea de que nuestras conclusiones puedan ser también válidas para su aplicación en otros centros. Material y Método. Revisamos retrospectivamente el porcentaje de cumplimiento adecuado en la administración de la profilaxis antibiótica prequirúrgica en cirugía mamaria (tanto benigna como maligna), analizando 5 variables objetivas consideradas como estándares de calidad. Resultados. Recogimos de la base de datos hospitalaria todas las cirugías mamarias realizadas entre 2008 y 2012, obteniendo una muestra representativa de 45 casos/año que fue objeto de estudio mediante la cualificación de 5 variables de calidad: 1.- indicación de la profilaxis, 2.- elección adecuada del antibiótico, 3.- dosis y vía de administración, 4.- momento de administración de la primera dosis, y 5.- duración de la profilaxis. Quedó reflejado un porcentaje de correcta aplicación superior al 90% en todos los indicadores de calidad, excepto en el 4, momento de administración de la primera dosis antibiótica. Conclusiones. Detectamos que los errores más frecuentes en la administración de la profilaxis antibiótica en nuestro centro radican en que se realiza en un momento inadecuado, siendo el ideal entre 2 horas y 15 minutos antes del inicio de la cirugía, según el antibiótico que se utilice. Toda mejora en el circuito organizativo durante la administración de la profilaxis, redundará en una mejoría en la aplicación de la misma y por supuesto en su mayor eficacia (AU)

Background and Objectives. The concept of antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery aims to reduce the incidence of postoperative infection, with minimal patient morbidity. It is common to find theoretical protocols designed to optimize, unify, facilitate and standarize clinical processes. However when they are put into practice, execution errors that diminish their effectiveness, are made. In this paper we value objectively the application of protocol antibiotic prophylaxis during breast surgery at the University Hospital of A Coruña, Spain, and the most frequent errors that occur during the execution of the process, with the idea that our findings may be also valid for application in other centers. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed the percentage of adequate compliance in the administration of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in breast surgery (both benign and malignant), analyzing variables considering 5 objective quality standards. Results.All breast surgeries performed between 2008 and 2012 were collected from the hospital database, obtaining a representative sample of 45 cases / year that was studied through the qualification of 5 quality variables: 1. indication of prophylaxis, 2. appropriate choice of antibiotic, 3. dose and route of administration, 4. time of administration of the first dose, and 5. duration of prophylaxis. It was reflected a higher percentage of correct application to 90% in all quality indicators, except in 4, time of administration of the first antibiotic dose. Conclusions.We found that the most frequent errors in the administration of antibiotic prophylaxis in our center is that it is done at the wrong time, being the ideal between 2 hours and 15 minutes before the start of surgery, depending on the antibiotic used. Any improvement in the organizational circuit during the administration of prophylaxis, results in an improvement in its application and of course, in a better effective (AU)

Effect of a direct-fed microbial (Primalac) on structure and ultrastructure of small intestine in turkey poults.

The effects of dietary supplementation of the direct-fed microbial (DFM) Primalac in mash or crumbled feed on histological and ultrastructural changes of intestinal mucosa was determined in 2 populations of poults; 1 with and 1 without a Salmonella spp. challenge. Three hundred thirty-six 1-d-old female Large White turkey poults were randomly distributed into 8 treatment groups with 6 replicates of 7 poults in each pen. The poults were placed on 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (mash or crumble feed, with or without DFM, not-challenged or challenged at 3 d of age). The DFM groups were fed a Primalac-supplemented diet from d 1 until the last day of the experiment (d 21). At 3 d of age, 50% of the poults were challenged with 1 mL of 10(10) cfu/ mL of Salmonella spp. (Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Salmonella Heidelberg, and Salmonella Kentucky) by oral gavage. The inoculated poults were housed in a separate room from nonchallenged controls. Feed and water were provided ad libitum for all birds. At d 21, 1 poult per pen (total of 6 poults per treatment) was randomly selected and killed humanely by cervical dislocation. After necropsy, the small intestine was removed, and tissue samples from duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were taken for light and electron microscopic evaluation. The DFM birds showed increased goblet cell (GC) numbers, total GC area, GC mean size, mucosal thickness, and a greater number of segmented filamentous bacteria compared with controls. Changes in intestinal morphology as observed in this study support the concept that poultry gut health and function, and ultimately bird performance, can be improved by dietary supplementation with DFM products such as Primalac as used in this study.

Effects of a direct-fed microbial (primalac) on turkey poult performance and susceptibility to oral Salmonella challenge.

A study was conducted to determine 1) the effect of a dietary direct-fed microbial (DFM) on turkey poult performance, 2) the effect of a DFM on a Salmonella challenge, and 3) the effect of feed processing on the efficacy of the dietary DFM. Day-of-hatch Large White female poults were placed in 2 rooms in 2 Petersime batteries per room. Twelve pens of 7 birds each were used in each battery (24 pens per room, 336 birds total). One of 4 dietary feed treatments was assigned to each pen (6 pens per room for each diet). One room housed non-Salmonella-challenged poults, and the other room housed poults challenged with a 1-mL oral gavage of Salmonella (10(10) cfu/mL). A single batch of starter ration was split into 4 parts and used to provide 4 dietary treatments: 1) mash feed with no DFM (M), 2) mash feed with DFM (Primalac; 0.9 kg/tonne of feed, MD), 3) pelleted (20-s steam conditioning at 80 degrees C) and crumbled feed with no DFM (C), and 4) pelleted and crumbled feed with DFM (CD). Feed and deionized, distilled water were provided ad libitum. Data were collected and analyzed separately for each room. Mortality was recorded for each pen on a daily basis and totaled by week and for the 3-wk period. Individual BW and feed consumption, by pen, were measured weekly. Weekly and cumulative BW gains and feed to gain ratios (F:G) were calculated. Liver, spleen, total and lower intestinal tract weights, intestinal length, and most-probable-number Salmonella populations were determined for one randomly selected bird per pen. Feeding processed feed resulted in improved BW and F:G. Feeding the DFM improved 3-wk cumulative F:G in birds not gavaged and reduced relative intestinal weight in birds gavaged. Salmonella populations were reduced 1 log by feeding DFM. Dietary DFM improved bird performance, reduced Salmonella populations, and was not affected by feed processing.

Activity of BAL 4815 against filamentous fungi.

OBJECTIVES: BAL 4815 is a new antifungal drug and it is the active component of the antifungal triazole BAL 8557 (the water-soluble precursor). We studied the in vitro fungistatic and fungicidal activities of BAL 4815 against 103 clinical isolates of filamentous fungi, including 51 isolates of Aspergillus spp. and 52 isolates of non-Aspergillus filamentous fungi. METHODS: We evaluated the in vitro activity of BAL 4815 against 51 isolates of Aspergillus spp., 20 isolates of dematiaceous fungi, 18 isolates of hyaline Hyphomycetes and 14 isolates of Zygomycetes. MICs were determined following the CLSI M38-A broth microdilution method, using RPMI 1640 medium buffered to pH 7.0 with MOPS. Microdilution plates were incubated at 35 degrees C and read at 24 and 48 h (Mucorales were read at 24 h). Minimal fungicidal concentrations were also determined. RESULTS: For all isolates, geometric mean MICs, MIC(50)s, MIC(90)s and MIC ranges (mg/L) were: Aspergillus spp., 1.67, 2, 4 and 0.5-4; dematiaceous fungi, 1.62, 1, >8 and 0.03 to >8; hyaline Hyphomycetes, 2.41, 2, >8 and 0.03 to >8; and Zygomycetes, 6.81, 8, >8 and 0.03 to >8. Differences in susceptibility between genera were noted. Scedosporium prolificans, Fusarium spp., Mucor spp. and Rhizopus spp. (MIC(90) > 8 mg/L) were less susceptible than Aspergillus spp. (MIC(90) = 4 mg/L). CONCLUSIONS: BAL 4815 has excellent in vitro activity against Aspergillus spp. and variable activity against other filamentous fungi.

Contribución del sistema integrado de vigilancia Sarampión/Rubéola al diagnóstico de otras enfermedades febriles eruptivas en Paraguay 2003-2005 / Contribution of the system integrated of monitoring Measles/Rubéola to the etiológico diagnosis of other eruptive febrile diseases in Paraguay 2003-2005

Presenta resultados de análisis serológicos realizados con el fin de conocer causas de brotes de fiebre y erupción ocurridos en los años 2004 y 2005 en Paraguay en una población de pacientes de cuaqluier edad en ausencia de sarampión, rubéola y dengue de los pacientes que ingresaron al sistema de vigilancia sarampión/rubéola

Evaluation of disk diffusion method for determining posaconazole susceptibility of filamentous fungi: comparison with CLSI broth microdilution method.

The disk diffusion method was evaluated for determining posaconazole susceptibility against 78 strains of molds using two culture media in comparison with the CLSI (Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute) broth microdilution method (M38-A). A significant correlation between disk diffusion and microdilution methods was observed with both culture media.

Biometría placentaria en la predicción de complicaciones de la gestación / The usefulness of placental biometry in predicting complications during pregnancy

Se ha establecido la relación entre biometría placentaria y diferentes complicaciones de la gestación; sin embargo, estas medidas son complejas, consumen tiempo y no forman parte del estudio ecográfico rutinario. Con el objeto de evaluar la utilidad de la biometría placentaria para la identificación precoz de las gestaciones que van a desarrollar preeclampsia o crecimiento intrauterino retardado, se realiza un estudio prospectivo en 319 gestantes no seleccionadas a la semana 20, midiendo el espesor, el diámetro y el área de una sección de corte placentaria. Asimismo, y dada la escasez de referencias bibliográficas, se aportan nuestros normogramas biométricos placentarios para esta edad gestacional. Aunque hubo tendencia a encontrar placentas más pequeñas en estas complicaciones (menor diámetro y menor área de sección), las diferencias no tienen la suficiente significación, y ésta sólo se alcanzó para menores áreas en el grupo de crecimiento intrauterino retardado (p = 0,001; IC del 95%, 1,049-3,213). En los casos que asociaron preeclampsia grave y crecimiento retardado por debajo del percentil 5, las placentas a la semana 20 tendían a ser más gruesas, con menor diámetro y menor área de sección, pero el escaso número de casos (4) no nos permite sacar conclusiones. El estudio Doppler de arterias uterinas es un mejor predictor. No puede incorporarse a la práctica diaria la obtención de una biometría placentaria detallada, aunque algunos autores proponen la medición sistemática del espesor placentario, pues una placenta gruesa se relaciona con mayor morbimortalidad perinatal (AU)

The relationship between placental biometry and different complications of pregnancy has been established. However, these measures are complex, time consuming, and they are not a part of U/S examination routine. The objective was to assess the value of placental biometry in the early identification of those pregnancies that will develop pre-eclampsia or fetal growth retardation. A prospective study of an unselected population of 319 in the 20th gestational week was made, measuring the thickness, diameter and area of a placental section. As bibliographical references are scarce, our placental biometric charts are provided. Although there was a tendency to find smaller placentas with these complications (a smaller diameter and section area), the differences were not significant, and the difference was only significant in the in the lowest area in the fetal growth retardation group (p = 0.001; 95% CI, 1.049-3.213). In those cases associated to serious pre-eclampsia and fetal growth retardation under the 5th percentile, the placenta tends to be thicker at 20 weeks, with a lower diameter and section area. However, we could not make any conclusions as the number of cases was too low (4). Uterine artery Doppler is a better predictor. Detailed placentary biometry cannot be incorporated into daily practice, however the measurement of placental thickness has been proposed by some authors as routine, because a large placenta is related to greater perinatal morbidity and mortality (AU)

[Santiago, a terror-stricken city]. / Santiago, una ciudad con temor.

The general purpose of this article is to determine how citizens' fear of lack of safety affects the use of public spaces. In an evaluation such as this, it is necessary to analyze two types of relationships pertaining to violence: the one between victimization and a perception of being unsafe, and the one that exists between social attitudes and the peaceful resolution of national conflicts. To this end, an analysis was performed of different variables--victimization, feeling unsafe, use of physical spaces, attitudes toward the established political and social institutions and toward the resolution of national conflicts--and of potential associations between these variables. The data for the study came from a survey of 1,200 persons between 18 and 70 years old who were residents of Santiago. Results show that Santiago's citizens live in fear and that their perception of a lack of safety has grown more intense, despite the fact that victimization rates remained relatively stable over the years preceding the survey. Fear is associated with an abandonment of both physical and sociopolitical public spaces, as well as with seeking refuge in private spaces and private life. There is a widespread attitude in favor of resolving conflicts through non-peaceful means, and such an attitude is more often associated with feeling unsafe, having negative attitudes toward democracy, and lacking hope in the nation's future. The results of this study support the notion that, in order to overcome their fear, people tend to adapt to reality by adopting a conformist attitude, taking on standard beliefs and behaviors, and overestimating the use of force as a way of resolving their differences.