Subject(s)
Coronavirus Infections , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome , Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , China , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical , Mothers , SARS-CoV-2Subject(s)
Coronavirus Infections , Coronavirus , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Child , Humans , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
Covid-19 infection caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-COV-2 continues to be a major global health challenge. Till date, no drug has been approved for the treatment of this infection. A number of medications have been proposed and there are ongoing clinical trials around the world to find a suitable treatment. A recent randomised control trial compared lopinavir/ritonavir with standard care among 199 patients with severe Covid-19 infection and concluded that there was no significant reduction in mortality rate with lopinavir/ritonavir. However, there are a few important lessons which may be learnt from the study apart from the statistical reduction in mortality rate. There was a numerical reduction in mortality rate, less intensive care unit stay and less complications in the lopinavir-ritonavir group. This article points out some of those important lessons with some suggestions for future clinical trials.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy , Lopinavir/therapeutic use , Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy , Ritonavir/therapeutic use , Betacoronavirus/drug effects , COVID-19 , Coronavirus Infections/mortality , Drug Combinations , Drug Resistance, Viral/physiology , Humans , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral/mortality , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19 Drug TreatmentABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Diaper dermatitis (DD) is one of the most common skin conditions in infants and young children. Among the factors associated with greater frequency of DD are high skin pH and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). This study examined the prevalence of DD in healthy black children in Nigeria and evaluated the association between skin surface pH, TEWL, and DD in this population. METHODS: The study was cross-sectional in design and involved children younger than 2 years attending eight immunization clinics in Ibadan, Nigeria (N = 424). Children were recruited into the study using multistage sampling. Information collected included sociodemographic data, diapering and feeding practices. Physical examination of the diaper area was performed on each child to determine whether dermatitis was present. TEWL and skin pH were measured on the anterior chest wall and gluteal areas of each child. RESULTS: A total of 165 (38.9%) children had clinical evidence of DD. The mean skin pH and TEWL values were higher in the gluteal area than the anterior chest wall in all subjects, with or without dermatitis. The mean skin pH and TEWL were significantly higher on the anterior chest wall and in the gluteal area in children with DD. CONCLUSION: In Nigerian children with DD, skin pH and TEWL are higher in the diaper area and at an unaffected skin site.
Subject(s)
Diaper Rash/epidemiology , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Skin/physiopathology , Water Loss, Insensible/physiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diaper Rash/physiopathology , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Nigeria/epidemiology , PrevalenceABSTRACT
Varicella results from a primary infection with the varicella virus while herpes zoster is caused by a reactivation of a latent infection. Dissemination of herpes zoster is uncommon in immunocompetent individuals. Reports of disseminated herpes zoster in children are even less common than in adults. An unusual case of disseminated herpes zoster ophthalmicus in an 8-year old immunocompetent black boy is presented. He had a previous primary Varicella zoster virus infection at three years of age. In the current report, he presented during an on-going chicken pox outbreak and survived with no significant complications. A breakthrough varicella virus re-infection or a reactivation is possible, both of which could present as zoster. This case emphasizes the need for prevention of varicella virus infection through universal childhood immunization and effective infection control strategies in health care settings.
