Influence of water-based exercise on energy intake, appetite, and appetite-related hormones in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Single bouts of land-based exercise suppress appetite and do not typically alter energy intake in the short-term, whereas it has been suggested that water-based exercise may evoke orexigenic effects. The primary aim was to systematically review the available literature investigating the influence of water-based exercise on energy intake in adults (PROSPERO ID number CRD42022314349). PubMed, Medline, Sport-Discus, Academic Search Complete, CINAHL and Public Health Database were searched for peer-reviewed articles published in English from 1900 to May 2022. Included studies implemented a water-based exercise intervention versus a control or comparator. Risk of bias was assessed using the revised Cochrane 'Risk of bias tool for randomised trials' (RoB 2.0). We identified eight acute (same day) exercise studies which met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis was performed using a fixed effects generic inverse variance method on energy intake (8 studies (water versus control), 5 studies (water versus land) and 2 studies (water at two different temperatures)). Appetite and appetite-related hormones are also examined but high heterogeneity did not allow a meta-analysis of these outcome measures. We identified one chronic exercise training study which met the inclusion criteria with findings discussed narratively. Meta-analysis revealed that a single bout of exercise in water increased ad-libitum energy intake compared to a non-exercise control (mean difference [95% CI]: 330 [118, 542] kJ, P = 0.002). No difference in ad libitum energy intake was identified between water and land-based exercise (78 [-176, 334] kJ, P = 0.55). Exercising in cold water (18-20 °C) increased energy intake to a greater extent than neutral water (27-33 °C) temperature (719 [222, 1215] kJ; P < 0.005). The one eligible 12-week study did not assess whether water-based exercise influenced energy intake but did find that cycling and swimming did not alter fasting plasma concentrations of total ghrelin, insulin, leptin or total PYY but contributed to body mass loss 87.3 (5.2) to 85.9 (5.0) kg and 88.9 (4.9) to 86.4 (4.5) kg (P < 0.05) respectively. To conclude, if body mass management is a person's primary focus, they should be mindful of the tendency to eat more in the hours after a water-based exercise session, particularly when the water temperature is cold (18-20 °C).

Predicting field-goal success according to offensive, defensive and contextual variables in elite men's wheelchair basketball.

The purposes of this study were to (i) develop a field-goal shooting performance analysis template and (ii) explore the impact of each identified variable upon the likely outcome of a field-goal attempt using binary logistic regression modelling in elite men's wheelchair basketball. First, a field-goal shooting performance analysis template was developed that included 71 Action Variables (AV) grouped within 22 Categorical Predictor Variables (CPV) representing offensive, defensive and game context variables. Second, footage of all 5,105 field-goal attempts from 12 teams during the men's 2016 Rio De Janeiro Paralympic Games wheelchair basketball competition were analysed using the template. Pearson's chi-square analyses found that 18 of the CPV were significantly associated with field-goal attempt outcome (p < 0.05), with seven of them reaching moderate association (Cramer's V: 0.1-0.3). Third, using 70% of the dataset (3,574 field-goal attempts), binary logistic regression analyses identified that five offensive variables (classification category of the player, the action leading up to the field-goal attempt, the time left on the clock, the location of the shot, and the movement of the player), two defensive variables (the pressure being exerted by the defence, and the number of defenders within a 1-meter radius) and 1 context variable (the finishing position of the team in the competition) affected the probability of a successful field-goal attempt. The quality of the developed model was determined acceptable (greater than 65%), producing an area under the curve value of 68.5% when the model was run against the remaining 30% of the dataset (1,531 field-goal attempts). The development of the model from such a large sample of objective data is unique. As such it offers robust empirical evidence to enable coaches, performance analysts and players to move beyond anecdote, in order to appreciate the potential effect of various and varying offensive, defensive and contextual variables on field-goal success.

Making Every "Point" Count: Identifying the Key Determinants of Team Success in Elite Men's Wheelchair Basketball.

Wheelchair basketball coaches and researchers have typically relied on box score data and the Comprehensive Basketball Grading System to inform practice, however, these data do not acknowledge how the dynamic perspectives of teams change, vary and adapt during possessions in relation to the outcome of a game. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the key dynamic variables associated with team success in elite men's wheelchair basketball and explore the impact of each key dynamic variable upon the outcome of performance through the use of binary logistic regression modeling. The valid and reliable template developed Francis et al. (2019) was used to analyze video footage in SportsCode from 31 games at the men's 2015 European Wheelchair Basketball Championships. The 31 games resulted in 6,126 rows of data which were exported and converted into a CSV file, analyzed using R (R Core Team, 2015) and subjected to a data modeling process. Chi-square analyses identified significant (p < 0.05) relationships between Game Outcome and 19 Categorical Predictor Variables. Automated stepwise binary regression model building was completed using 70% of the data (4,282 possessions) and produced a model that included 12 Categorical Predictor Variables. The accuracy of the developed model was deemed to be acceptable at accurately predicting the remaining 30% of the data (1,844 possessions) and produced an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value of 0.759. The model identified the odds of winning are more than double when the team in possession are in a state of winning at the start of the possession are increased five-fold when the offensive team do not use a 1.0 or 1.5 classified player, but are increased six-fold when the offensive team use three or more 3.0 or 3.5 players. The final model can be used by coaches, players and support staff to devise training and game strategies that involve selecting the most appropriate offensive and defensive approaches when performing ball possessions to enhance the likelihood of winning in elite men's wheelchair basketball.

A New Reliable Performance Analysis Template for Quantifying Action Variables in Elite Men's Wheelchair Basketball.

This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable performance analysis template for quantifying team action variables in elite men's wheelchair basketball. First action variables and operational definitions were identified by the authors and verified by an expert panel of wheelchair basketball coaching staff in order to establish expert validity. A total of 109 action variable were then placed into 17 agreed Categorical Predictor Variable categories. The action variables were then used to develop a computerized performance analysis template for post-event analysis. Each possession (n = 200) from an international men's wheelchair basketball game was analyzed by the first author on two occasions for assessment of intra-observer reliability and by a coach and a performance analyst for inter-observer reliability. Percentage error and Weighted Kappa coefficients were calculated to compare the levels of error and agreement for each action variable. Intra-observer reliability demonstrated perfect or almost perfect agreement (

Perceived Links Between Playing Surfaces and Injury: a Worldwide Study of Elite Association Football Players.

BACKGROUND: Injuries in association football (soccer) are debilitating for players and can also be detrimental to the success of a team or club. The type or condition of a playing surface has been empirically linked to injuries, yet results are inconclusive. The overall purpose of this study was to analyse elite football players' perceived links between playing surfaces and injury from a worldwide cohort of players. The results of this study can help to inform areas for future playing surface research aimed at trying to alleviate user concerns and meet user (i.e. the player) needs. METHODS: Quantitative data were collected from 1129 players across the globe to address the aim of this study. RESULTS: Ninety-one percent of players believed the type or condition of a surface could increase injury risk. Abrasive injuries, along with soreness and pain, were perceived to be greater on artificial turf. Surface type, surface properties and age were all potential risk factors identified by the players and linked to the playing surfaces. CONCLUSIONS: The results identified three areas where future research should be focussed to help develop surfaces that alleviate user concerns and meet user (i.e. player) needs: (i) current reporting of soreness, pain or fatigue as injuries, (ii) contribution of surface properties to injury; and (iii) surface experience of players from different countries differentiates their views of injury risk.