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1.
J Med Chem ; 65(7): 5300-5316, 2022 04 14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35302767

ABSTRACT

Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), a Tec family tyrosine kinase, is critical in immune pathways as an essential intracellular signaling element, participating in both adaptive and immune responses. Currently approved BTK inhibitors are irreversible covalent inhibitors and limited to oncology indications. Herein, we describe the design of covalent reversible BTK inhibitors and the discoveries of PRN473 (11) and rilzabrutinib (PRN1008, 12). These compounds have exhibited potent and durable inhibition of BTK, in vivo efficacy in rodent arthritis models, and clinical efficacy in canine pemphigus foliaceus. Compound 11 has completed phase 1 trials as a topical agent, and 12 is in phase 3 trials for pemphigus vulgaris and immune thrombocytopenia.


Subject(s)
Protein Kinase Inhibitors , Signal Transduction , Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase , Animals , Dogs , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
2.
Clin Transl Sci ; 15(2): 442-450, 2022 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34724345

ABSTRACT

Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), expressed in B cells and cells of innate immunity, including microglia, is an essential signaling element downstream of the B-cell receptor and Fc-receptors. Tolebrutinib (PRN2246, SAR442168) is a potent BTK inhibitor that covalently binds the kinase, resulting in durable inhibition with the potential to target inflammation in the periphery and central nervous system (CNS). Tolebrutinib crosses the blood-brain barrier and potently inhibits BTK in microglial cells isolated from the CNS. A first-in-human randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of tolebrutinib was conducted. The trial design consisted of five single ascending dose arms with oral administration of a single dose of 5, 15, 30, 60, and 120 mg (n = 6 per arm, n = 2 placebo), five multiple ascending dose arms with oral administration of 7.5, 15, 30, 60, and 90 mg (n = 8 per arm, n = 2 placebo) over 10 days, and one arm (n = 4) in which cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) exposure was measured 2 h after a single 120 mg dose. Tolebrutinib was well-tolerated in the study and all treatment-related treatment emergent adverse events were mild. Tolebrutinib was rapidly absorbed following oral administration with a rapid half-life of ~ 2 h. Peripheral BTK occupancy was assessed at various timepoints by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based readout using an irreversible probe. Assessments demonstrated extensive and prolonged peripheral BTK occupancy at steady-state with once daily doses as low as 7.5 mg. Further, CSF exposure was demonstrated 2 h after administration at 120 mg.


Subject(s)
Protein Kinase Inhibitors , Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Double-Blind Method , Half-Life , Humans , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/adverse effects
3.
J Immunol ; 206(7): 1454-1468, 2021 04 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33674445

ABSTRACT

Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) is expressed in B cells and innate immune cells, acting as an essential signaling element in multiple immune cell pathways. Selective BTK inhibition has the potential to target multiple immune-mediated disease pathways. Rilzabrutinib is an oral, reversible, covalent BTK inhibitor designed for immune-mediated diseases. We examined the pharmacodynamic profile of rilzabrutinib and its preclinical mechanisms of action. In addition to potent and selective BTK enzyme and cellular activity, rilzabrutinib inhibited activation and inflammatory activities of B cells and innate cells such as macrophages, basophils, mast cells, and neutrophils, without cell death (in human and rodent assay systems). Rilzabrutinib demonstrated dose-dependent improvement of clinical scores and joint pathology in a rat model of collagen-induced arthritis and demonstrated reductions in autoantibody-mediated FcγR signaling in vitro and in vivo, with blockade of rat Arthus reaction, kidney protection in mouse Ab-induced nephritis, and reduction in platelet loss in mouse immune thrombocytopenia. Additionally, rilzabrutinib inhibited IgE-mediated, FcεR-dependent immune mechanisms in human basophils and mast cell-dependent mouse models. In canines with naturally occurring pemphigus, rilzabrutinib treatment resulted in rapid clinical improvement demonstrated by anti-inflammatory effects visible within 2 wk and all animals proceeding to complete or substantial disease control. Rilzabrutinib is characterized by reversible covalent BTK binding, long BTK residence time with low systemic exposure, and multiple mechanistic and biological effects on immune cells. Rilzabrutinib's unique characteristics and promising efficacy and safety profile support clinical development of rilzabrutinib for a broad array of immune-mediated diseases.


Subject(s)
Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use , Basophils/immunology , Blood Platelets/immunology , Kidney/pathology , Mast Cells/immunology , Nephritis/drug therapy , Pemphigus/drug therapy , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/drug therapy , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Dogs , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Humans , Immunoglobulin E/metabolism , Kidney/drug effects , Mice , Mice, 129 Strain
4.
EMBO Rep ; 19(12)2018 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30279279

ABSTRACT

Cells of hematopoietic origin express high levels of the immunoproteasome, a cytokine-inducible proteasome variant comprising the proteolytic subunits LMP2 (ß1i), MECL-1 (ß2i), and LMP7 (ß5i). Targeting the immunoproteasome in pre-clinical models of autoimmune diseases with the epoxyketone inhibitor ONX 0914 has proven to be effective. ONX 0914 was previously described as a selective LMP7 inhibitor. Here, we show that PRN1126, developed as an exclusively LMP7-specific inhibitor, has limited effects on IL-6 secretion, experimental colitis, and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We demonstrate that prolonged exposure of cells with ONX 0914 leads to inhibition of both LMP7 and LMP2. Co-inhibition of LMP7 and LMP2 with PRN1126 and LMP2 inhibitors LU-001i or ML604440 impairs MHC class I cell surface expression, IL-6 secretion, and differentiation of naïve T helper cells to T helper 17 cells, and strongly ameliorates disease in experimental colitis and EAE. Hence, co-inhibition of LMP2 and LMP7 appears to be synergistic and advantageous for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.


Subject(s)
Autoimmunity , Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/immunology , Proteasome Inhibitors/pharmacology , Protein Subunits/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Cell Differentiation , Cell Membrane Permeability , Colitis/immunology , Colitis/pathology , Cytokines/metabolism , Dextran Sulfate , Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology , Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology , Epitopes/metabolism , Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism , Protein Subunits/immunology , Spleen/cytology , Th17 Cells/cytology , Th17 Cells/immunology
5.
Mol Cancer Ther ; 16(12): 2668-2676, 2017 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28978721

ABSTRACT

An increasing number of cancers are known to harbor mutations, translocations, or amplifications in the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family of kinases. The FGFR inhibitors evaluated in clinical trials to date have shown promise at treating these cancers. Here, we describe PRN1371, an irreversible covalent inhibitor of FGFR1-4 targeting a cysteine within the kinase active site. PRN1371 demonstrated strong FGFR potency and excellent kinome-wide selectivity in a number of biochemical and cellular assays, including in various cancer cell lines exhibiting FGFR alterations. Furthermore, PRN1371 maintained FGFR inhibition in vivo, not only when circulating drug levels were high but also after the drug had been cleared from circulation, indicating the possibility of sustained FGFR inhibition in the clinic without the need for continuous drug exposure. Durable tumor regression was also obtained in multiple tumor xenografts and patient-derived tumor xenograft models and was sustained even using an intermittent dosing strategy that provided drug holidays. PRN1371 is currently under clinical investigation for treatment of patients with solid tumors. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(12); 2668-76. ©2017 AACR.


Subject(s)
Pyridones/therapeutic use , Pyrimidines/therapeutic use , Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation , Humans , Mice , Pyridones/pharmacology , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Signal Transduction , Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
6.
J Med Chem ; 60(15): 6516-6527, 2017 08 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28665128

ABSTRACT

Aberrant signaling of the FGF/FGFR pathway occurs frequently in cancers and is an oncogenic driver in many solid tumors. Clinical validation of FGFR as a therapeutic target has been demonstrated in bladder, liver, lung, breast, and gastric cancers. Our goal was to develop an irreversible covalent inhibitor of FGFR1-4 for use in oncology indications. An irreversible covalent binding mechanism imparts many desirable pharmacological benefits including high potency, selectivity, and prolonged target inhibition. Herein we report the structure-based design, medicinal chemistry optimization, and unique ADME assays of our irreversible covalent drug discovery program which culminated in the discovery of compound 34 (PRN1371), a highly selective and potent FGFR1-4 inhibitor.


Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Pyridones/pharmacology , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage , Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Cell Line, Tumor , Dogs , Drug Design , Drug Stability , Female , Humans , Intestinal Absorption , Macaca fascicularis , Male , Pyridones/administration & dosage , Pyridones/chemical synthesis , Pyridones/pharmacokinetics , Pyrimidines/administration & dosage , Pyrimidines/chemical synthesis , Pyrimidines/pharmacokinetics , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/antagonists & inhibitors , Solubility , Structure-Activity Relationship
7.
Bioorg Med Chem Lett ; 27(3): 632-635, 2017 02 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28025004

ABSTRACT

Reactive metabolites have been putatively linked to many adverse drug reactions including idiosyncratic toxicities for a number of drugs with black box warnings or withdrawn from the market. Therefore, it is desirable to minimize the risk of reactive metabolite formation for lead molecules in optimization, in particular for non-life threatening chronic disease, to maximize benefit to risk ratio. This article describes our effort in addressing reactive metabolite issues for a series of 3-amino-2-pyridone inhibitors of BTK, e.g. compound 1 has a value of 459pmol/mg protein in the microsomal covalent binding assay. Parallel approaches were taken to successfully resolve the issues: establishment of a predictive screening assay with correlation association of covalent binding assay, identification of the origin of reactive metabolite formation using MS/MS analysis of HLM as well as isolation and characterization of GSH adducts. This ultimately led to the discovery of compound 7 (RN941) with significantly reduced covalent binding of 26pmol/mg protein.


Subject(s)
Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Pyridones/chemistry , Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase , Glutathione/chemistry , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Microsomes/metabolism , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/metabolism , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism , Pyridones/metabolism , Tandem Mass Spectrometry
8.
J Immunol ; 195(10): 4822-31, 2015 Nov 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26466958

ABSTRACT

In T cells, the Tec kinases IL-2-inducible T cell kinase (ITK) and resting lymphocyte kinase (RLK) are activated by TCR stimulation and are required for optimal downstream signaling. Studies of CD4(+) T cells from Itk(-/-) and Itk(-/-)Rlk(-/-) mice have indicated differential roles of ITK and RLK in Th1, Th2, and Th17 differentiation and cytokine production. However, these findings are confounded by the complex T cell developmental defects in these mice. In this study, we examine the consequences of ITK and RLK inhibition using a highly selective and potent small molecule covalent inhibitor PRN694. In vitro Th polarization experiments indicate that PRN694 is a potent inhibitor of Th1 and Th17 differentiation and cytokine production. Using a T cell adoptive transfer model of colitis, we find that in vivo administration of PRN694 markedly reduces disease progression, T cell infiltration into the intestinal lamina propria, and IFN-γ production by colitogenic CD4(+) T cells. Consistent with these findings, Th1 and Th17 cells differentiated in the presence of PRN694 show reduced P-selectin binding and impaired migration to CXCL11 and CCL20, respectively. Taken together, these data indicate that ITK plus RLK inhibition may have therapeutic potential in Th1-mediated inflammatory diseases.


Subject(s)
Cell Differentiation/drug effects , Colitis/prevention & control , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/immunology , Th1 Cells/immunology , Animals , Cell Differentiation/genetics , Cell Differentiation/immunology , Chemokine CCL20/genetics , Chemokine CCL20/immunology , Chemokine CXCL11/genetics , Chemokine CXCL11/immunology , Colitis/genetics , Colitis/immunology , Colitis/pathology , Interferon-gamma/genetics , Interferon-gamma/immunology , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics , Th1 Cells/pathology , Th17 Cells/immunology , Th17 Cells/pathology
9.
Nat Chem Biol ; 11(7): 525-31, 2015 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26006010

ABSTRACT

Drugs with prolonged on-target residence times often show superior efficacy, yet general strategies for optimizing drug-target residence time are lacking. Here we made progress toward this elusive goal by targeting a noncatalytic cysteine in Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) with reversible covalent inhibitors. Using an inverted orientation of the cysteine-reactive cyanoacrylamide electrophile, we identified potent and selective BTK inhibitors that demonstrated biochemical residence times spanning from minutes to 7 d. An inverted cyanoacrylamide with prolonged residence time in vivo remained bound to BTK for more than 18 h after clearance from the circulation. The inverted cyanoacrylamide strategy was further used to discover fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) kinase inhibitors with residence times of several days, demonstrating the generalizability of the approach. Targeting of noncatalytic cysteines with inverted cyanoacrylamides may serve as a broadly applicable platform that facilitates 'residence time by design', the ability to modulate and improve the duration of target engagement in vivo.


Subject(s)
Acrylamides/pharmacokinetics , B-Lymphocytes/drug effects , Cyanoacrylates/pharmacokinetics , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Acrylamides/chemical synthesis , Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase , Animals , B-Lymphocytes/enzymology , B-Lymphocytes/pathology , Cell Line, Tumor , Crystallography, X-Ray , Cyanoacrylates/chemical synthesis , Dasatinib , Female , Gene Expression , Humans , Ligands , Molecular Docking Simulation , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics , Pyrimidines/pharmacokinetics , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , Recombinant Proteins/genetics , Sf9 Cells , Spodoptera , Structure-Activity Relationship , Substrate Specificity , Thiazoles/pharmacokinetics , Time Factors
10.
J Biol Chem ; 290(10): 5960-78, 2015 Mar 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25593320

ABSTRACT

Interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) and resting lymphocyte kinase (RLK or TXK) are essential mediators of intracellular signaling in both normal and neoplastic T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Thus, ITK and RLK inhibitors have therapeutic potential in a number of human autoimmune, inflammatory, and malignant diseases. Here we describe a novel ITK/RLK inhibitor, PRN694, which covalently binds to cysteine residues 442 of ITK and 350 of RLK and blocks kinase activity. Molecular modeling was utilized to design molecules that interact with cysteine while binding to the ATP binding site in the kinase domain. PRN694 exhibits extended target residence time on ITK and RLK and is highly selective for a subset of the TEC kinase family. In vitro cellular assays confirm that PRN694 prevents T-cell receptor- and Fc receptor-induced cellular and molecular activation, inhibits T-cell receptor-induced T-cell proliferation, and blocks proinflammatory cytokine release as well as activation of Th17 cells. Ex vivo assays demonstrate inhibitory activity against T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia cells, and in vivo assays demonstrate durable pharmacodynamic effects on ITK, which reduces an oxazolone-induced delayed type hypersensitivity reaction. These data indicate that PRN694 is a highly selective and potent covalent inhibitor of ITK and RLK, and its extended target residence time enables durable attenuation of effector cells in vitro and in vivo. The results from this study highlight potential applications of this dual inhibitor for the treatment of T-cell- or NK cell-mediated inflammatory, autoimmune, and malignant diseases.


Subject(s)
Benzimidazoles/administration & dosage , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism , T-Lymphocytes/drug effects , Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism , Binding Sites , Crystallography, X-Ray , Cysteine/chemistry , Cysteine/metabolism , Humans , Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects , Killer Cells, Natural/immunology , Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects , Lymphocyte Activation/immunology , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/drug effects , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism , Signal Transduction/drug effects , T-Lymphocytes/immunology
11.
Bioorg Med Chem Lett ; 25(2): 367-71, 2015 Jan 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25466710

ABSTRACT

A rational fluorine scan based on co-crystal structures was explored to increase the potency of a series of selective BTK inhibitors. While fluorine substitution on a saturated bicyclic ring system yields no apparent benefit, the same operation on an unsaturated bicyclic ring can increase HWB activity by up to 40-fold. Comparison of co-crystal structures of parent molecules and fluorinated counterparts revealed the importance of placing fluorine at the optimal position to achieve favorable interactions with protein side chains.


Subject(s)
Fluorine/chemistry , Fluorine/metabolism , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism , Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase , Crystallography, X-Ray , Humans , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Protein Conformation , Structure-Activity Relationship
12.
J Med Chem ; 58(1): 512-6, 2015 Jan 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24712864

ABSTRACT

Structure-based drug design was used to guide the optimization of a series of selective BTK inhibitors as potential treatments for Rheumatoid arthritis. Highlights include the introduction of a benzyl alcohol group and a fluorine substitution, each of which resulted in over 10-fold increase in activity. Concurrent optimization of drug-like properties led to compound 1 (RN486) ( J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2012 , 341 , 90 ), which was selected for advanced preclinical characterization based on its favorable properties.


Subject(s)
Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy , Isoquinolines/pharmacology , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase , Crystallography, X-Ray , Drug Design , Humans , Isoquinolines/chemistry , Isoquinolines/metabolism , Models, Chemical , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Protein Binding , Protein Structure, Secondary , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
13.
J Med Chem ; 56(4): 1677-92, 2013 Feb 28.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23350847

ABSTRACT

We describe the discovery of several pyrrolopyrazines as potent and selective Syk inhibitors and the efforts that eventually led to the desired improvements in physicochemical properties and human whole blood potencies. Ultimately, our mouse model revealed unexpected toxicity that precluded us from further advancing this series.


Subject(s)
Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Pyrazines/chemical synthesis , Pyrroles/chemical synthesis , Animals , B-Lymphocytes/drug effects , B-Lymphocytes/enzymology , Blood Proteins/metabolism , Crystallography, X-Ray , Humans , Mice , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Protein Binding , Pyrazines/pharmacology , Pyrazines/toxicity , Pyrroles/pharmacology , Pyrroles/toxicity , Structure-Activity Relationship , Syk Kinase
15.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther ; 341(1): 90-103, 2012 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22228807

ABSTRACT

Genetic mutation and pharmacological inhibition of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) both have been shown to prevent the development of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice, providing a rationale for the development of Btk inhibitors for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In the present study, we characterized a novel Btk inhibitor, 6-cyclopropyl-8-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxymethyl-3-{1-methyl-5-[5-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-pyridin-2-ylamino]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl}-phenyl)-2H-isoquinolin-1-one (RN486), in vitro and in rodent models of immune hypersensitivity and arthritis. We demonstrated that RN486 not only potently and selectively inhibited the Btk enzyme, but also displayed functional activities in human cell-based assays in multiple cell types, blocking Fcε receptor cross-linking-induced degranulation in mast cells (IC(50) = 2.9 nM), Fcγ receptor engagement-mediated tumor necrosis factor α production in monocytes (IC(50) = 7.0 nM), and B cell antigen receptor-induced expression of an activation marker, CD69, in B cells in whole blood (IC(50) = 21.0 nM). RN486 displayed similar functional activities in rodent models, effectively preventing type I and type III hypersensitivity responses. More importantly, RN486 produced robust anti-inflammatory and bone-protective effects in mouse CIA and rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) models. In the AIA model, RN486 inhibited both joint and systemic inflammation either alone or in combination with methotrexate, reducing both paw swelling and inflammatory markers in the blood. Together, our findings not only demonstrate that Btk plays an essential and conserved role in regulating immunoreceptor-mediated immune responses in both humans and rodents, but also provide evidence and mechanistic insights to support the development of selective Btk inhibitors as small-molecule disease-modifying drugs for RA and potentially other autoimmune diseases.


Subject(s)
Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy , Arthritis, Experimental/immunology , Hypersensitivity/immunology , Hypersensitivity/prevention & control , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase , Animals , Arthritis, Experimental/enzymology , Cells, Cultured , Female , Humans , Hypersensitivity/enzymology , Male , Mast Cells/drug effects , Mast Cells/immunology , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Inbred DBA , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Rats, Wistar
16.
J Org Chem ; 68(1): 3-10, 2003 Jan 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12515453

ABSTRACT

The design and preparation of a novel class of ligands based on the sulfinyl imine functionality is described. In particular, an efficient and modular synthesis of bis(sulfinyl)imidoamidine (siam) ligands is reported. The versatility of the synthetic sequence is demonstrated by the preparation of various analogues to explore the effect of substitution about the ligand framework on catalytic activity. The utility of the siam ligands in asymmetric catalysis is demonstrated in the Cu(II)-catalyzed Diels-Alder reaction where highly enantio- and diastereoselective reactions are reported for a range of N-acyloxazolidinone dienophile and diene substrate combinations. Of particular note is the efficiency of these asymmetric catalysts for reactions involving challenging and relatively unreactive acyclic diene substrates. Finally, structural data are provided for several ligands as well as metal-ligand complexes.

17.
Acc Chem Res ; 35(11): 984-95, 2002 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12437323

ABSTRACT

N-tert-Butanesulfinyl aldimines 3 and ketimines 4 are exceedingly versatile intermediates for the asymmetric synthesis of amines. The N-tert-butanesulfinyl imines are prepared in high yields by condensing enantiomerically pure tert-butanesulfinamide 1, which is readily available in either configuration, with a wide range of aldehydes and ketones. The tert-butanesulfinyl group activates the imines for the addition of many different classes of nucleophiles, serves as a powerful chiral directing group, and after nucleophilic addition is readily cleaved by treatment of the product with acid. A wide range of highly enantioenriched amines, including alpha-branched and alpha,alpha-dibranched amines, alpha- and beta-amino acids, 1,2- and 1,3-amino alcohols, and alpha-trifluoromethyl amines, are efficiently synthesized using this methodology. In addition, N-tert-butanesulfinyl imine derivatives provide a new family of ligands for asymmetric catalysis.

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