Role of antioxidants in the neurobiology of drug addiction: An update.

Relationships between protective enzymatic and non-enzymatic pro-antioxidant mechanisms and addictive substances use disorders (SUDs) are analyzed here, based on the results of previous research, as well as on the basis of our current own studies. This review introduces new aspects of comparative analysis of associations of pro-antixidant and neurobiological effects in patients taking psychoactive substances and complements very limited knowledge about relationships with SUDs from different regions, mainly Europe. In view of the few studies on relations between antioxidants and neurobiological processes acting in patients taking psychoactive substances, this review is important from the point of view of showing the state of knowledge, directions of diagnosis and treatment, and further research needed explanation. We found significant correlations between chemical elements, pro-antioxidative mechanisms, and lipoperoxidation in the development of disorders associated with use of addictive substances, therefore elements that show most relations (Pr, Na, Mn, Y, Sc, La, Cr, Al, Ca, Sb, Cd, Pb, As, Hg, Ni) may be significant factors shaping SUDs. The action of pro-antioxidant defense and lipid peroxidation depends on the pro-antioxidative activity of ions. We explain the strongest correlations between Mg and Sb, and lipoperoxidation in addicts, which proves their stimulating effect on lipoperoxidation and on the induction of oxidative stress. We discussed which mechanisms and neurobiological processes change susceptibility to SUDs. The innovation of this review is to show that addicted people have lower activity of dismutases and peroxidases than healthy ones, which indicates disorders of antioxidant system and depletion of enzymes after long-term tolerance of stressors. We explain higher level of catalases, reductases, ceruloplasmin, bilirubin, retinol, α-tocopherol and uric acid of addicts. In view of poorly understood factors affecting addiction, analysis of interactions allows for more effective understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms leading to formation of addiction and development the initiation of directed, more effective treatment (pharmacological, hormonal) and may be helpful in the diagnosis of psychoactive changes.

Satisfaction of people at post-working age with pharmacists' health promotion in Poland.

BACKGROUND: The study aimed to analyze how people at post-working age evaluate health promotion conducted for them by pharmacists in community pharmacies in Poland. We also assessed whether this evaluation is correlated with the frequency of health behaviors. METHODS: The study comprised 712 Polish people at post-working age (retired), including women 60 + and men 65+. Health Behaviors Inventory and authors' Questionnaire for Evaluation of Pharmacists' Health Promotion were used. RESULTS: Conducting health promotion by pharmacists in community pharmacies is relevant in the opinion of post-working-aged people (5.8 on average in the scale of 1-10). However, the patients were not satisfied with the reliability (4.7), accessibility (4.7), communicativeness (5.0), and effectiveness (4.6) of health promotion provided by pharmacists for them. The empathy and politeness of pharmacists during health promotion were rated neutrally (5.4, i.e. neither good nor bad). The evaluations of reliability, accessibility, communicativeness, empathy and politeness, relevance, and effectiveness of pharmacists' health promotion did not correlate with age, marital status, place of residence, type of job in the past, or chronic pain currently (p > 0.05). The men evaluated accessibility higher than the women (5.1 vs. 4.6, p = 0.049), but the other domains were evaluated similarly by both genders (p > 0.05). All the domains of pharmacists' health promotion were assessed the better the higher the frequency of health behaviors the post-working aged people was. CONCLUSIONS: People in post-working age assessed that health promotion conducted by pharmacists in community pharmacies is important, however they were not satisfied with the reliability, accessibility, communicativeness, and effectiveness of health promotion conducted by pharmacists.

Anxiety, Stress Perception, and Coping Strategies among Students with COVID-19 Exposure.

Background: Studying anxiety, stress, and coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic is crucial to mitigate the negative effects associated with infection risk and disease consequences. Objective: This study aimed to investigate anxiety levels, stress perception, and coping strategies in relation to the presence of illness. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted anonymously among 3950 university students from Poland (1822), Lithuania (232), and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad (1896). Due to the nearly identical application of anti-epidemic measures, the respondents were treated as a unified group. The State-trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Perceived Stress Scale 10 (PSS-10), and mini-COPE scale questionnaires were used. Statistical analysis included the Shapiro-Wilk test to check normality, the Mann-Whitney U test for comparative analysis between groups, the Pearson χ2 test for categorical data, and Spearman coefficients for correlations between variables. Results: A significant proportion of young adults in the community exhibited symptoms of anxiety and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Among the 1212 men and 2738 women surveyed, 348 (28.7%) and 1020 (37.3%) individuals, respectively, were diagnosed with COVID-19 according to clinical protocols. Prolonged disease duration and more severe residual symptoms correlated with higher self-reported anxiety levels. Conclusions: The level of anxiety and stress varied depending on the duration of the disease, significantly impacting the choice of coping strategies. Overall, students displayed a proactive approach to coping activities but tended to postpone important decisions. Seeking social support was a prevalent coping mechanism, although respondents who had COVID-19 showed higher levels of concern for their own emotions, a tendency to discharge emotions through alcohol or other substances (male), and a greater reliance on religion (female). The study provides data that may be useful in developing educational and health policies focused on the mental well-being of university students and potentially other social groups.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity, life satisfaction, anxiety, stress perception and coping strategies in student-athletes: A comparison between Belarus and Poland-countries with a different approach of anti-pandemic measures.

Background: More than two years of the COVID-19 pandemic has changed lives of people around the world and had a profound impact on the field of sports. This has resulted in decreased physical activity (PA) and changes in mental health. The goal was to assess self-reported physical activity, life satisfaction, perceived stress, choice of coping strategies and their correlations among student athletes from two neighboring countries facing different anti-pandemic strategies. Methods: Cross-sectional surveys using standardized questionnaires: International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), and Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Mini-COPE) to compare 600 students from Physical Education and Sports departments of universities in Belarus (n = 333), where restrictions were found to be less stringent than in neighboring Poland (n = 267). Results: Minor differences in physical activities between both countries indicate that student athletes have adapted fairly quickly and found ways to keep their PA at a fairly high level. Nevertheless, higher PA was reported in the group of student athletes from Belarus. PA levels correlated with life satisfaction, anxiety and stress levels. Female students from Poland reported lower satisfaction with their lives. Their perception of stress was twice as high as that of their Belarusian counterparts. The most common coping strategy in both groups was active coping. Polish respondents less frequently used strategies of avoiding problems and seeking outside support. Conclusion: The level of physical activity and well-being of student athletes are associated with increased mental health and coping with stress. They also contribute to prevention of affective disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, it is dependent on the country's anti-pandemic policies.

Alcohol Policies Affect Drinking Patterns-A Potentially New and Harmful Drinking Pattern in Consumers of Small Vodka Bottles (SVB) in Poland.

Drinking alcohol has a vast and diverse impact on many aspects of people's lives around the world. It is a major public health concern and is subject to numerous legal regulations and limitations. So far, little attention has been paid to if and how the volume of alcohol containers may affect drinking patterns. The widespread availability in recent years in Poland of small vodka bottles in various flavors and sizes was the rationale behind investigating whether the phenomenon may affect drinking patterns in any way. This was a 12-month cross-sectional survey study that started in January 2020. It included a total of 217 inpatients and outpatients that met the ICD-10 alcohol dependence criteria. The respondents were asked about their drinking habits and the use of small vodka bottles. It was found that respondents who regularly use small vodka bottles were much more likely to start their drinking early in the morning. The widespread availability and selection of small vodka bottles may encourage and facilitate drinking that starts early in the morning. It also makes it easier to maintain and control intoxication throughout the whole day, which could be considered another drinking pattern different from the other well-established ones, such as binge or continuous drinking. However, the design of this study makes it impossible to draw firm conclusions and further research is necessary.

Are yoga and physical activity determinants of quality of life in Polish adults? a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: Yoga is an ancient form of physical activity (PA) that encompasses meditation, stretching and breathing techniques. Although the benefits of PA and associated lifestyle interventions are clear, we here addressed the paucity of evidence regarding the specific relationship between yoga and quality of life (QOL) in adults in Poland. We hypothesised that participation in PA and yoga could result in a positive impact on QOL. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, self-administered questionnaire-based survey. Both the quantitative and qualitative variables were statistically compared. Multivariate analyses were performed using linear regression. Results were determined based on age, sex and education level; a p<0.05 was considered significant. SETTING: Questionnaires were delivered to participants online, at high schools and universities, and in elderly communities in Poland. PARTICIPANTS: 714 polish citizens aged over 18 participated in the study; there are no specific entry and exclusion criteria besides age. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences (p<0.05) were observed between the QOL of the physically active group (PAG) and non-PAG (N-PAG). Meanwhile, yoga practice was revealed to have a significant effect on QOL; QOL was found to be statistically higher (p<0.001) in the PAG with yoga (PAG-Y) (4.29±0.66) than in the N-PAG (3.83±0.92) and PAG without yoga (4.07±0.68). CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that both regular PA and yoga practices could improve QOL; however, PAG-Y produced higher QOL scores than PA of other types. This outcome may be explained by the impact of physiological and psychological aspects within yoga practice. These results suggest that this unique combination impacts health more positively than other kinds of PA alone.

Lost in Communication: Do Family Physicians Provide Patients with Information on Preventing Diet-Related Diseases?

Diet-related diseases remain leading causes of death in most developed countries around the world. The aim of the study was to compare opinions of patients and family physicians on receiving and providing recommendations about physical activity, diet and use of medication. Methods: The questionnaire study was conducted among patients of 36 primary health care clinics in Poland between September 2018 and February 2019. Patients and physicians were interviewed separately by trained researchers. Data from 509 patients and 167 family doctors were analyzed. Results: The median age of patients was 44 years (interquartile range: 29-55) and 70% were women. The majority of physicians were women (59%) and the median age was 37 years (IQR: 31-50). There was a significant difference between physicians' declarations on providing recommendations on diet (92% vs. 39%) and activity (90% vs. 37%) versus patients' declarations on receiving them. Conclusions: The results indicate that there is significant room for improvement in providing patients with proper recommendations on diet and physical activity by their family physicians. Primary care physicians should put more emphasis on clear communication of recommendations on diet and physical activity.

Type and reliability of information about coronavirus most frequently shared by social media users.

Objective: To identify, investigate and categorize the most frequently shared content related to COVID-19 by social media users. Methods: The BuzzSumo analytic tool was used to identify the most frequently shared content about COVID-19 between July and August 2020. They were then analyzed and classified into eight main categories according to their topic. Results: Among 120 articles that were shared 6,189,187 times in total during the analyzed period, the most popular were those that referred to methods for decreasing COVID-19 spread and characteristics. No myths or misinformation were found in the most frequently shared articles. The most popular content included humorous yet educational videos. Conclusions: The most frequently shared content by social media users is reliable and refers to prevention in the first place. As humorous videos about prevention attracted the most attention, it seems an attractive and potentially effective strategy to foster online preventive behaviors during the pandemic. Lay Summary: The most popular articles that were shared more than 6 million times in total during the analyzed period of time referred methods for decreasing COVID-19 spread and COVID-19 characteristics. The Internet and social media provide countless opportunities and audiences to deliver accurate knowledge and recommendations on COVID-19 and may contribute to fostering preventive and responsible behaviors.

Online Information of COVID-19: Visibility and Characterization of Highest Positioned Websites by Google between March and April 2020-A Cross-Country Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The WHO has used the term "infodemic" to describe the vast amount of false and true information that was making it difficult for people to find reliable information when they needed it. The infodemic spreads faster than COVID-19 itself. The main objective of the study was to characterize and analyze content about COVID-19 returned by Google during the pandemic and compare it between countries. METHODS: The study was conducted between 30 March and 27 April 2020. The information was searched through local Google websites using the "COVID-19", "Coronavirus", "SARS-CoV-2" and "fake news" keywords. The search was conducted in Australia, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Singapore, Spain, UK and the USA. The total number of the analyzed webpages was 685. RESULTS: The most frequent types were News websites 47% (324/685) and Governmental 19% (131/685) while the least were Health portals 2% (17/685) and Scientific journals 5% (35/635), p < 0.001. United States and Australia had the highest share of Governmental websites. There was a positive correlation between the amount of preventive information and a number of SARS-CoV-2 infections in countries. The higher the number of tests performed, the higher was the amount of information about prevention available online. CONCLUSIONS: Online information is usually available on news and government websites and refers to prevention. There were differences between countries in types of information available online. The highest positioned (the first 20) websites for COVID-19, Coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2 keywords returned by Google include true information.

Improving Colon Cancer Prevention in Poland. A Long Way Off.

The aim of this study was to analyse knowledge on colon cancer prevention among patients of primary care and identify their sources of information. The questionnaire study was conducted among patients of 36 primary healthcare clinics in Poland between September 2018 and February 2019. Patients were interviewed separately by trained researchers. Over 39% of the primary health patients declared that their knowledge about colon cancer prevention is unsatisfactory. Information about colon cancer prevention varied according to sex, age and BMI. Men declared lower level of knowledge than women: 46% of men thought it was unsatisfactory compared with 36% of women (p = 0.003). Preventive recommendations were more often provided to patients over 60 years old (p < 0.01). Overweight and obese patients were more likely to receive recommendations on diet (p < 0.001) and physical activity (p < 0.001) than patients with normal weight. The most common source of information on colon cancer prevention was Internet (68%) and medical doctors (60%). There is a need for developing colon cancer prevention policy. Crucial aspect includes educational programs aimed at improving patient's knowledge and involving medical staff. The policymakers should pay greater attention to cancer prevention policies and medical staff involved in prevention to quality of communication to make sure patients thoroughly understand information they are provided.

Association Between Physician Burnout and Self-reported Errors: Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Burnout among physicians is an increasingly recognized phenomenon affecting different aspects of patient care and safety. This meta-analysis quantifies association of burnout and its subscales with self-reported medical errors among physicians. METHODS: This meta-analysis followed the principles formulated in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and Meta-analyses of Observational Studies. The MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, and Eric databases were searched until February 5, 2019, using various combinations of key terms without any language restrictions: burnout, physicians, error, safety, and quality. Reference lists of selected studies were hand searched. Data were extracted from published reports. All quantitative studies reporting prevalence of burnout and its association with self-reported errors among physicians were considered. The analyses of heterogeneity (Cochran Q, I2), publication bias (Begg-Mazumdar and Egger), three subgroups, and sensitivity were performed. The effect of overall burnout and Maslach Burnout Inventory subscales on self-reported errors was calculated as odds ratios with 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: Thirteen studies on 20,643 physicians and residents were included. The overall burnout among participants was associated with a significantly increased risk of self-reported errors (odds ratio = 2.72, 95% confidence interval = 2.19-3.37). Emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment were all independently predicting factors of self-reported errors. Cochran Q test and inconsistency index I2 were as follows: Q = 27.2; P = 0.0013, I2 = 67% (36%-83%). CONCLUSIONS: The results provide evidence that not only overall burnout but also its subscales independently are to be associated with a significantly increased risk of self-reported errors among physicians. As self-reported errors may translate into different types of adverse events, this strong and unequivocal association should be of major concern to healthcare organizations.

Effects of Low-Dose Atorvastatin on the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Secretion of Angiogenic Factors in Type 2 Diabetes.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of statins on the secretion of angiogenesis mediators by the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from patients suffering from type 2 diabetes. The study group comprised 30 participants and included: 10 statin-treated patients with diabetes, 10 statin-free diabetic subjects, and 10 statin-free non-diabetic individuals. PBMCs isolated from the blood were cultured in vitro in standard conditions and in an environment mimicking hyperglycemia. Culture supernatants were evaluated for VEGF, MCP-1, Il-10, and Il-12 by flow cytometry using commercial BDTM. Cytometric Bead Array tests. The secretion of VEGF, MCP-1 and Il-12 by PBMCs, cultured both in standard and hyperglycemic conditions, was significantly lower in the statin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes in comparison with the statin-free diabetic patients. Conversely, the secretion of Il-10 was higher in the statin-treated than in the statin-free diabetic patients. VEGF, MCP-1 and Il-12 levels in PBMCs supernatants from the glucose-containing medium were higher than those from the standard medium in each of the diabetic groups. The results of the study suggest that statins in low doses exhibit an antiangiogenic activity, reducing the secretion of potent proangiogenic factors, such as VEGF and MCP-1, and increasing the secretion of antiangiogenic Il-10 by PBMCs, also under hyperglycemic conditions characteristic for type 2 diabetes.

Impact of continuous glucose monitoring on improving emotional well­being among adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta­analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Real-time continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has changed the way people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and health care providers perceive diabetes management and glucose control. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this meta-analysis was to compare the emotional well-being of adults with T1DM who used CGM and those using conventional self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library / Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest databases were searched for relevant publications. Primary outcome measures were health-related quality of life, glycemic control, and fear of hypoglycemia. Randomized controlled trials and survey studies focused on the quality of life and fear of hypoglycemia among adult patients using CGM and SMBG were included in the analysis. RESULTS: The meta-analysis included 11 studies involving a total of 1228 patients with T1DM. Analysis of the Worry subscale of the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey indicated a reduction of hypoglycemia fear in CGM users compared with SMBG users (Cohen d = ­0.24; 95% CI, ­0.41 to ­0.07; mean difference, ­3.15; 95% CI, ­5.48 to ­0.82). Outcome analysis of studies including the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire showed Cohen d of 0.23 (95% CI, ­0.18 to 0.63). The overall value of Cohen d equaled ­0.24 (95% CI, ­0.57 to 0.09), indicating a lack of effect of CGM use on improving HbA1c levels; however, after one of the studies was excluded from calculations, the reduction of HbA1c levels was significantly higher in CGM users (Cohen d = ­0.33; 95% CI, ­0.66 to 0.00; P = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first quantitative meta-analysis of studies involving adult patients exclusively with T1DM, providing further evidence for the ability of CGM systems to reduce fear of hypoglycemia and improve quality of life. Continuous glucose monitoring systems have advantage over SMBG in adults with T1DM and improve HbA1c levels.

Burnout, well­being, and self­reported medical errors among physicians.

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, healthcare systems around the world have been subject to profound changes driven by advances in technology, new regulations as well as demographic and societal trends. This volatile and stressful environment has had its consequences for healthcare organizations and their employees. The resulting phenomena of burnout or lowered well­being may affect key aspects of healthcare delivery on individual, organizational, and financial levels. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this paper was to investigate the level of burnout and well­being in a group of Polish physicians, its impact on errors, and associations with other factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a cross­sectional survey using a self­administered questionnaire with 65 questions and validated tools such as the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the World Health Organization-5 Well­being Index (WHO­5). Correlations between variables were investigated using Spearman rank correlation analysis. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate predictors of burnout and errors. The study included residents and physicians of various specialties. RESULTS: A total of 125 residents and physicians, mostly internists and cardiologists, participated in the study, out of which 84 (67%) were found to be burned out. The median WHO­5 score was 40 points. Two­thirds of all physicians admitted to making an error in the last 3 months, which was strongly  associated with burnout. CONCLUSIONS: The level of burnout among respondents was high and had numerous negative consequences that may affect the entire healthcare system. The results suggest there is an urgent need to address the problem of burnout among physicians.

COVID-19 misinformation: Accuracy of articles about coronavirus prevention mostly shared on social media.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze accuracy of articles about COVID-19 prevention most frequently shared through social media platforms. METHODS: Identifying, using the Buzzsumo analytic tool, 30 most frequently shared articles in April 2020 about COVID-19 prevention and classifying them according to number of shares, accuracy, topic and sharing platform. Calculations were made using descriptive statistics tools and chi-square test. RESULTS: The top 30 articles about coronavirus prevention were shared 4904 160 times over a period of one month with 96.8% of all shares through Facebook. Most of the articles (80%) was found to be accurate, however they accounted for only 64% of shares. The inaccuracies referred mostly to handwashing. The most shared articles were about medications followed by masks and hand washing. CONCLUSIONS: Articles about coronavirus prevention are usually accurate, yet relatively less likely to be shared than inaccurate ones. Facebook remains a dominant social media platform for sharing content. Buzzsumo could be considered a tool in certain situations such as pandemic for health authorities to quickly investigate different health topics popular on social media. LAY SUMMARY: Most of the articles about COVID-19 prevention, identified as most frequently shared through social media platform during the pandemic, was found to be accurate. However, inaccurate content was more likely to be shared than by Facebook users compared with accurate content. This suggests the need for health authorities to monitor content shared on social media in extraordinary situations such as pandemics.

Gender gap in health condition and quality of life at advanced age.

INTRODUCTION: Increased life expectancy, share of the very old in populations and differences in the prevalence or types of health problems between male and female seniors pose challenges for health and social care systems in providing adequate care. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to compare the health condition and quality of life between women and men aged 90 or over, as well as to correlate the quality of life at advanced age with demographic and health conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted in Poland in 2015-2018 on 870 women and 264 men aged 90 or over who were able to communicate logically and had no dementia diagnosed previously by a physician. The author's questionnaire, Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living, Abbreviated Mental Test Score and WHO Quality of Life-Bref questionnaires were used. RESULTS: The women aged 90 or over had a significantly higher prevalence of chronic pain (76% vs 60%), urinary incontinence (60% vs 44%), falls and syncopes (39% vs 25%), stool incontinence (17% vs 9%), more severe functional and cognitive impairment and lower quality of life than men at the same age. City residence, being widowed, chronic pain, geriatric giants and functional impairment were factors found to decrease all aspects of the life quality, while age in the studied interval decreased only physical health' assessment. Lack of education only affected negatively psychological health while cognitive impairment decreased the assessment of physical and psychological health, as well as social relationships. CONCLUSIONS: Men who reached the age of 90 or over assessed their health condition and quality of life better than women at the same age.

Self-assessment of Polish pharmacy staff's readiness to promote health.

Background Nowadays, pharmacists are expected to focus not only on dispensing medicines but also on the wellness of the patient. In some developed countries a pharmacist is clearly defined as a health care professional that can make a contribution to improving the general health of the population. Objective To assess the readiness of Polish pharmacy staff to engage in health promotion and educational activities. Setting Community pharmacies in Poland. Method The study group consisted of 308 pharmacy staff (248 pharmacists and 60 pharmacy technicians) employed in Polish pharmacies. The survey questionnaire referred to three domains: systemic solutions for health promotion, readiness of pharmacy staff as a professional group to promote health, personal readiness to promote health. Responses about pharmacy staff's readiness to promote health were scored using a 10-point scale. Scale reliability for all items (overall readiness), and for items within the three domains separately, were tested using Cronbach's α and average inter-correlation coefficient among the items. Main outcome measure Pharmacy staff's readiness to promote health (the questionnaire containing 32 items). Results The overall readiness of pharmacy staff to promote health was rather low (average of 4.6 ± 1.5 in 1-10 scale). The highest scores were obtained for pharmacy staff's personal readiness to promote health (average of 5.5 ± 1.8) which was neutral on the scale. The lowest scores were obtained for systemic solutions for health promotion (average of 3.6 ± 1.4). Readiness of pharmacy staff as a professional group was ranked in the middle (average 4.8 ± 1.8). Surveyed pharmacy staff rated their readiness to promote health in the work environment significantly higher than promoting health in the local community. Female and younger pharmacy staff as well as those with job seniority of less than 5 years, or pharmacy technicians assessed their readiness to promote health significantly higher than others. Readiness to promote health was higher among pharmacy staff working in pharmacies employing up to 3 staff members and at pharmacies with over 200 customers daily. Conclusions The overall readiness of pharmacy staff to promote health was low, especially in the domain of systemic solutions in health promotion.

Patient safety culture in Polish Primary Healthcare Centers.

OBJECTIVE: To examine patient safety culture in primary healthcare centers in Poland. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey conducted in 2017 using the questionnaire based on the 'Medical Office Survey on Patient Safety Culture' from Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). SETTING: Three hundred thirty-seventy primary healthcare centers in Poland. PARTICIPANTS: Family physician practices in Poland selected from the population of 5400 using systematic random sampling. The response rate was 62%. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The survey includes 38 items that measured 10 dimensions of patient safety culture and questions referring to information exchange with other settings, quality issues and overall ratings on quality and safety. Mean percent positive scores on all items in each composite were calculated according to user's guide. RESULTS: Individual domains of patient safety culture had better scores among younger respondents and respondents with job seniority at their clinic under 10 years. Patient safety culture scores correlated with size and location (urban or rural) of studied centers, as well as with respondents' gender. The most highly ranked domains were: organizational learning (87.05% of positive scores), teamwork (84.91%), overall perception of patient safety and quality (84.77%) and leadership support for patient safety (84.30%) while the lowest ranked ones were: patient care tracking and follow-up (65.11%), work pressure and pace (57.77%). Other domains such as communication openness (80.96%), staff training (78.90%), office processes and standardization (71.92%) and communication about error (69.80%) ranked between. CONCLUSIONS: Patient safety culture in primary healthcare centers in Poland was evaluated positively.

Use of the IPAQ questionnaire in the form of a mobile application in monitoring physical activity of patients with cardiovascular diseases.

INTRODUCTION: Systematic, dynamic physical effort brings about tremendous health benefits, not only in young individuals, but as a form of primary prevention, and primarily as secondary prevention of cardiovascular system diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research project was conducted in the Rehabilitation Centre at the Witold Chodzko Institute of Rural Health (IMW) in Lublin, Poland, and covered a group of 927 ambulatory patients. From among the study group, two subgroups were distinguished (Groups 1 and 2). Selection of patients was targeted, based on the criterion of the existing diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases (Group 1; N=53), and the lack of these diseases (Group 2; N=53). The daily level of physical activity was assessed using the monitoring application (Instrument for Activity Measurement IMW) - using a short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and alternatively analyzing the data from a smartphone accelerometer. RESULTS: The total level of weekly physical activity in Group 1 was 4532.88±3611.6 MET-min/week, and was considerably higher, compared to the control group (3142.58±2536.9 MET-min/week). Also, the values of weekly caloric cost of physical activity (KAF kcalxweek -1 ) showed higher values (6935.77±5957.4), compared to the control group (4274±3344.9). The group of cardiologic patients (Group 1) showed a higher level of activity, especially within the range of effort on an intensive level, and low level - going for walks, walking(MET1, MET3), which was also translated into the caloric cost of these levels of physical activity (KAF1, KAF3). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study indicated a significantly higher level of physical activity in the group of patients with concomitant cardiovascular diseases, compared to the control group. The overestimation of the level of physical activity perceived by patients seems to be an important problem, especially in the control group.