Supra-Spinal Modulation Of Walking In Healthy Individuals And Persons With Multiple Sclerosis: A fNIRS Mobile Imaging Study.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the neurodegenerative diseases that damage the nervous system and inflicts cognitive and motor deficits. In motor domain, MS mainly causes slower gait resulting in challenges in activities of daily living. Premotor cortices are affected by MS, where several imaging studies have reported re-organization in the activity and connectivity of these regions. Recent advancements in mobile imaging technologies and signal processing techniques have made it possible to study supraspinal modulation of walking in able-bodied individuals and persons with injuries or neurological disorders. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), for example, was used in studying dual-tasking in MS population. In the current study, we used fNIRS to record activities of premotor and supplementary motor areas in MS and healthy populations during standing and walking. Fourteen healthy controls and 14 persons with MS were tested during overground walking. Results show higher right premotor cortex activities compared with left premotor and bilateral supplementary motor areas in the MS group. In the healthy control group, activity was higher during walking in all the four studied brain regions. These results confirm the role of the premotor cortices in movement planning and in modulating walking activities; they also confirm that individuals with mild MS have a similar premotor control strategy as healthy controls while performing the same physical task.

Altered cortical activation and connectivity patterns for visual attention processing in young adults post-traumatic brain injury: A functional near infrared spectroscopy study.

AIMS: This study aimed at understanding the neurobiological mechanisms associated with inattention induced by traumatic brain injury (TBI). To eliminate the potential confounding caused by the heterogeneity of TBI, we focused on young adults postsports-related concussion (SRC). METHODS: Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data were collected from 27 young adults post-SRC and 27 group-matched normal controls (NCs), while performing a visual sustained attention task. Task responsive cortical activation maps and pairwise functional connectivity among six regions of interest were constructed for each subject. Correlations among the brain imaging measures and clinical measures of attention were calculated in each group. RESULTS: Compared to the NCs, the SRC group showed significantly increased brain activation in left middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and increased functional connectivity between right inferior occipital cortex (IOC) bilateral calcarine gyri (CG). The left MFG activation magnitude was significantly negatively correlated with the hyperactive/impulsive symptom severity measure in the NCs, but not in the patients. The right hemisphere CG-IOC functional connectivity showed a significant positive correlation with the hyperactive/impulsive symptom severity measure in patients, but not in NCs. CONCLUSION: The current data suggest that abnormal left MFG activation and hyper-communications between right IOC and bilateral CG during visual attention processing may significantly contribute to behavioral manifestations of attention deficits in patients with TBI.

The Role of Premotor Areas in Dual Tasking in Healthy Controls and Persons With Multiple Sclerosis: An fNIRS Imaging Study.

Persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) experience declines in physical and cognitive abilities and are challenged by dual-tasks. Dual-tasking causes a drop in performance, or what is known as dual-task cost (DTC). This study examined DTC of walking speed (WS) and cognitive performance (CP) in pwMS and healthy controls (HCs) and the effect of dual-tasking on cortical activation of bilateral premotor cortices (PMC) and bilateral supplementary motor area (SMA). Fourteen pwMS and 14 HCs performed three experimental tasks: (1) single cognitive task while standing (SingCog); (2) single walking task (SingWalk); and (3) dual-task (DualT) that included concurrent performance of the SingCog and SingWalk. Six trials were collected for each condition and included measures of cortical activation, WS and CP. WS of pwMS was significantly lower than HC, but neuropsychological (NP) measures were not significantly different. pwMS and HC groups had similar DTC of WS, while DTC of CP was only significant in the MS group; processing speed and visual memory predicted 55% of this DTC. DualT vs. SingWalk recruited more right-PMC activation only in HCs and was associated with better processing speed. DualT vs. SingCog recruited more right-PMC activation and bilateral-SMA activation in both HC and pwMS. Lower baseline WS and worse processing speed measures in pwMS predicted higher recruitment of right-SMA (rSMA) activation suggesting maladaptive recruitment. Lack of significant difference in NP measures between groups does not rule out the influence of cognitive factors on dual-tasking performance and cortical activations in pwMS, which might have a negative impact on quality of life.