ABSTRACT
Surface water quality has increasing importance worldwide and is particularly relevant in the semiarid North-Central Chile, where agriculture and mining activities are imposing heavy pressure on limited water resources. The current study presents the application of a water quality index in four watersheds of the 29°-33°S realm for the period 1999-2008, based on the Canadian Council of Ministers for the Environment approach and the Chilean regulation for irrigation water quality. In addition, two modifications to the index are tested and a comprehensive characterization of the existing monitoring network is performed through cluster analysis. The basins studied show fairly good water quality in the overall, specially the Limarí basin. On the other hand, the lower index values were obtained for the headwaters of Elqui, associated with the El Indio mining district. The first modification of the indicator (i.e., to consider parameters differentially according to their effect on human health or the environment) did not produce major differences with respect to the original index, given the generally good water quality. The second modification (i.e., to consider as threshold values the more restrictive figures derived from a set of regulations) yielded important differences in the indicator values. Finally, an adequate characterization of the monitoring network was obtained. The results presented spatial coherence and the information can be used as a basis for the optimization of the monitoring network if required.
Subject(s)
Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Water Quality/standards , Agricultural Irrigation , Chile , Climate , Cluster Analysis , Environmental Monitoring/legislation & jurisprudence , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Environmental Monitoring/statistics & numerical data , Metals, Heavy/analysis , Water Pollution, Chemical/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
El síndrome de McCune-Albright (SMA) es una enfermedad rara que produce la mutación del gen codificador de la subunidad alfa de la proteína estimulatoria G de la adenilciclasa que estimula a presentar endocrinopatías múltiples. Esta enfermedad no es hereditaria, sino esporádica y no es transmitida a sus descendientes; causa un amplio espectro de manifestaciones endócrinas y no endócrinas. Es más frecuente en mujeres 3:2 que en hombres. El inicio de estas manifestaciones ocurre usualmente durante la infancia o la niñez. Las manifestaciones clínicas son la triada de: displasia fibrasa ósea, pigmentación irregular en la piel (manchas color café con leche) y pubertad precoz. En cuanto al tratamiento, se debe controlar todo tipo de endocrinopatías con la medicación adecuada así como también en el caso de fracturas patológicas en especial en huesos largos, el empleo de fijación intramedular es la recomendada. Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente mujer de 6 años de edad con antecedentes de fractura patológica de fémur izquierdo hace 4 meses resuelta con material de osteosintesis (placa DCP) que posteriormente presenta fatiga de material y refractura, además de alteraciones en la pigmentación de la piel, menarquia temprana a los 2 años, por lo que se diagnosticó de Síndrome de Mccune-Albright.
