Evaluation of Phytochemistry and Antidiabetic Potential of an Astragalus Species: Astragalus kurdicus Boiss.

Astragalus kurdicus Boiss. roots are used in folk medicine for antidiabetic purposes. Different metabolites of Astragalus plants have a notable potential in antidiabetic activity via differing mechanisms. Herewith this study designed to assess the antidiabetic activity of Astragalus kurdicus, utilizing a range of diabetes-related in vitro methodologies and to investigate the chemical composition of the plant. According to the results of the activity tests, water extract (AKW) was the most active extract in PTP1B, DPP4, and α-amylase inhibition tests (87.17%, 82.4%, 91.49% respectively at 1 mg/ml). Total extract, AKM (85.63%), showed the highest AGEs inhibition activity. To test possible improvement effects of the extracts on diabetes through gut-microbiota, cell growth rates of three probiotic microorganisms were measured. AKM showed highest potential of prebiotic activity among tested extracts and caused higher biomass increase than standard prebiotics. Furthermore, flavonoid-rich extract was found to be mostly responsible for the high antioxidant activity. The highest saponin and astragalosides content were seen in AKB extract in HPTLC analysis. Among the measured saponins, the abundance of Astragaloside IV (27.41 µg/mg in AKM) was the highest in all fractions. Thus, for the first time, the antidiabetic activity of A. kurdicus was evaluated from various perspectives.

Empirical cefepime+vancomycin versus ceftazidime+vancomycin versus meropenem+vancomycin in the treatment of healthcare-associated meningitis: results of the multicenter ephesus study.

BACKGROUND: Herein, we analyzed the efficacy of main antibiotic therapy regimens in the treatment of healthcare-associated meningitis (HCAM). MATERIALS/METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in 18 tertiary-care academic hospitals Turkey, India, Egypt and Romania. We extracted data and outcomes of all patients with post-neurosurgical meningitis cases fulfilling the study inclusion criteria and treated with empirical therapy between December 2006-September 2018. RESULTS: Twenty patients in the cefepime + vancomycin-(CV) group, 31 patients in the ceftazidime + vancomycin-(CFV) group, and 119 patients in the meropenem + vancomycin-(MV) group met the inclusion criteria. The MV subgroup had a significantly higher mean Glasgow Coma Score, a higher rate of admission to the intensive care unit within the previous month, and a higher rate of antibiot herapy within the previous month before the meningitis episode (p < 0.05). Microbiological success on Day 3-5, end of treatment (EOT) clinical success (80% vs. 54.8%% vs 57.9%), and overall success (EOT success followed by one-month survival without relapse or reinfection 65% vs. 51.6% vs. 45.3%), EOT all cause mortality (ACM) and day 30 ACM (15% vs. 22.6% vs. 26%) did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) among the three cohorts. No regimen was effective against carbapenem-resistant bacteria, and vancomycin resulted in an EOT clinical success rate of 60.6% in the methicillin-resistant staphylococci or ampicillin-resistant enterococci subgroup (n = 34). CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed no significant difference in terms of clinical success and mortality among the three treatment options. All regimens were ineffective against carbapenem-resistant bacteria. Vancomycin was unsuccessful in approximately 40% of cases involving methicillin-resistant staphylococci or ampicillin-resistant enterococci.

Preconception health behaviours of women planning a Pregnancy: A scale development study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to develop a health behaviour scale for the preconception period and assess the preconception health behaviours of women who have applied to the municipality for marriage and are planning a pregnancy within a year. METHOD: This is a methodological and descriptive study. While the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, the test-retest method and Cronbach's alpha internal consistency methods were used for data analysis in the methodological stage. The Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used in the descriptive stage. Statistical significance was accepted as p < 0.05. In total, 260 women were enrolled in the study during the scale development stage. Upon completion of the scale development stage, for the evaluation of preconception health behaviours was conducted with 331 women who were planning pregnancy within one year. RESULTS: The Preconception Health Behaviours Scale consists of 18 items and 4 subscales. The Cronbach's alpha value was 0.867. The subscales "Preparation", "Coping Skills", "High-Risk Behaviours" and "Nutrition and Sleep" were found to be reliable. The mean score obtained from the scale was 29.50 ± 6.57. It was determined that level of education and level of knowledge on preconception care affected the preconception health behaviours of the women who have applied for marriage. CONCLUSION: The Preconception Health Behaviours Scale is valid and highly reliable. Furthermore, a high level of education and high knowledge on preconception care affect preconception health behaviours positively.

A qualitative study of Turkish midwives' experience of providing care to pregnant women infected with COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the experiences of Turkish midwives who provided care to pregnant women diagnosed with COVID-19 or suspected of having it, during labour and delivery. METHODS: A phenomenological approach was used. In-depth individual interviews were conducted with 15 midwives from 15 different hospitals in various Turkish cities through video-conferencing. Data analysis was based on Graneheim and Lundman's techniques for extracting themes from qualitative data. FINDINGS: Four themes emerged: "Measures against pandemic uncertainty," "Impairment in postpartum care," "Emotional burden of the pandemic," and "Adaptation to the results of the pandemic." Midwives stated that they tried to reduce the risk of contamination by taking self-protection measures and creating isolated areas. They carried out practices such as separating the mother and baby postpartum and not allowing breastfeeding. They experienced emotional confusion with the difficulties faced in this process, and they became professional in the management of the process. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The results of this study reveal the challenges faced by Turkish midwives during the COVID-19 pandemic and the importance of the publication of evidence-based guidelines. Provision of emotional support for midwives is essential in order to sustain the continuity of the quality maintenance of midwifery care.

Headache and distress during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of headache, review variables believed to be associated, and assess distress levels in pregnant women. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted on pregnant women who presented to a Training and Research Hospital in Sakarya, Turkey from June 1, 2020 to December 1, 2020. The study group consisted of 600 pregnant women who agreed to take part in the study. Chi-squared test and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Statistical significance level was accepted as P value of 0.05 or less. RESULTS: The ages of pregnant women ranged from 19 to 44 years with a mean age of 29.01 ± 5.27 years. Prevalence of headache during pregnancy was found to be 55.7% (n = 334). The number of pregnant women at of distress was found to be 144 (24.0%). There was no difference between women with and without headache and between severity of headache and prevalence of distress (P > 0.05 for each). CONCLUSION: Headache is an important health issue in pregnant women. There was no relationship between the presence and severity of headache and distress level.

A short course of antimicrobial therapy for asymptomatic bacteriuria is safe and effective before urologic procedures.

INTRODUCTION: In the presence of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) before the urological procedure, the duration of antimicrobial treatment is controversial. This study aims to evaluate whether a short course of antimicrobial therapy is safe and effective in cases with ASB before urological procedures. METHODOLOGY: We retrospectively reviewed adult patients who had ASB before undergoing several urological procedures between 2011 and 2019. The patients received a single dose of an appropriate parenteral antibiotic, determined by antimicrobial sensitivity testing, 30 to 60 minutes before the urological procedure. If a urinary catheter was placed post-procedure, a second dose was given. RESULTS: A total of 293 patients who had ASB before undergoing several urological procedures were included in the study. The total number of procedures was 328. Female/male ratio was 92 (31.4%)/201 (68.6%). The mean age was 63.7 ± 14.9 years. The most common isolated microorganisms were Escherichia coli (155 [47%]), Klebsiella pneumoniae (38 [11.6%]), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (28 [8.5%]). The most common antimicrobial used was ertapenem. A second dose antimicrobial was given for 290 procedures due to a urinary catheter after a urological procedure. The mean hospitalization time was 3.97 ± 3.42 days. None of the patients developed infectious complications. CONCLUSIONS: This study has demonstrated that a single dose of parenteral antimicrobial drug administered 30-60 minutes before the urologic procedures and a second dose in the presence of a post-procedure catheter, was adequate to prevent post-procedure septicemia and urinary tract infection.

Health literacy and knowledge of antenatal care among pregnant women.

Health literacy has a direct impact on pregnancy from the perspectives of both the mother and the baby. This study aimed to determine the level of health literacy and assess the knowledge of antenatal care among pregnant women. From among all pregnant women who presented to the hospital's obstetric polyclinic during the study's timeline, the study group consisted of 460 women who agreed to take part (492 women were invited and a response rate of 93.5% was achieved). A questionnaire prepared based on the literature in line with the study's objectives was completed by the participants under supervision. The Turkish Health Literacy Scale (THLS-32) was used to assess health literacy. In order to determine the women's prenatal care knowledge levels, a total of 20 knowledge-testing statements prepared using the literature were applied, 14 of which were true and six of which were false. The internal consistency of antenatal information questions during pregnancy was made and the Cronbach alpha coefficient was calculated as 0.77. It was determined that 33.9% of the participants had a sufficient level of health literacy. Health literacy was sufficient in young married women (19 years and less) in their first pregnancy and those who had regular reading habits, participated in healthcare activities and received postpartum care at a family health clinic (p < 0.05 for each). While the most accurately evaluated statement about antenatal care was 'It is normal to experience nausea/vomiting in the first trimester of pregnancy', the least accurately evaluated statement was 'Over 35% of women incorrectly believed it was normal to gain 20 kg of weight during pregnancy'. It was found that pregnant women with sufficient health literacy had higher levels of knowledge about antenatal care (p < 0.05). In this study, it was determined that approximately two-thirds of the participants had insufficient health literacy and the women with insufficient health literacy had low levels of knowledge about antenatal care.

Depression, anxiety, and fear of death in postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the frequency of depression in postmenopausal women, examine some variables that are thought to be related, and evaluate the relationships between postmenopausal depression, anxiety, and fear of death. METHODS: The study is a cross-sectional study conducted among postmenopausal women who applied to an Obstetrics and Gynecology Polyclinic in Sakarya, Turkey, between March and September 2018. The study group consisted of 485 postmenopausal women. For statistical analysis, the chi-square test, logistic regression analysis, Mann-Whitney U test, and Spearman correlation analysis were used. Values of P ≤ 0.05 were accepted as statistically significant. RESULTS: The ages of the participants ranged between 35 and 78 years, and the average was 56.33 ±â€Š7.34 years. Being a widow or separated from one's partner (odds ratio [OR]: 3.478), alcohol consumption (OR: 11.772), any history of illness that required continuous medication (OR: 3.579), presence of any physical disability (OR: 2.242), history of any mental disorder with a physician's diagnosis (OR: 4.213), and number of living children 4 or more (OR: 4.174) were found to be important risk factors for postmenopausal depression. A moderate positive correlation was found between the depression scale and the scores obtained from the anxiety scale (r = 0.467; P = 0.001). No difference was found between participants with and without depression in terms of fear of death. CONCLUSION: Depression among postmenopausal women is an important health problem that needs to be studied further. No relation was found between depression and fear of death. These results will be beneficial for raising awareness about depression among postmenopausal women and conducting screening for early diagnosis.

A snapshot of geriatric infections in Turkey: ratio of geriatric inpatients in hospitals and evaluation of their infectious diseases: A multicenter point prevalence study.

INTRODUCTION: The human population is aging at an astonishing rate. The aim of this study is to capture a situation snapshot revealing the proportion of individuals aged 65 years and over among inpatients in healthcare institutions in Turkey and the prevalence and type of infections in this patient group in order to draw a road map. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hospitalized patients over 65 years at any of the 62 hospitals in 29 cities across Turkey on February 9, 2017 were included in the study. Web-based SurveyMonkey was used for data recording and evaluation system. RESULTS: Of 17,351 patients 5871 (33.8%) were ≥65 years old. The mean age was 75.1±7.2 years; 3075 (52.4%) patients were male. Infection was reason for admission for 1556 (26.5%) patients. Pneumonia was the most common infection. The median length of hospital stay was 5 days (IQR: 2-11 days). The Antibiotic therapy was initiated for 2917 (49.7%) patients at the time of admission, and 23% of the antibiotics prescribed were inappropriate. Healthcare-associated infections developed in 1059 (18%) patients. Urinary catheters were placed in 2388 (40.7%) patients with 7.5% invalid indication. CONCLUSION: This study used real data to reveal the proportion of elderly patients in hospital admissions. The interventions done, infections developed during hospitalization, length of hospital stay, and excessive drug load emphasize the significant impact on health costs and illustrate the importance of preventive medicine in this group of patients.

Development of obsessive and compulsive behaviors scale of mothers in postpartum period regarding baby care: Validity and reliability.

PURPOSE: This study was made to develop a scale instrument to determine obsessive and compulsive behaviors of mothers in the postpartum period with regard to baby care. DESIGN AND METHODS: This methodologically was conducted with 233 mothers between February and October 2017. FINDINGS: Age average of the women was detected as 28.47 ± 15.47. Four items were removed from the scale because their factor load was under 0.400. It was determined that scale consists of nine items and sole factor. Cronbach alpha internal consistency reliability coefficient is 75. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Results of this study demonstrate that "Obsessive and Compulsive Behaviors Scale of Mothers in Postpartum Period Regarding Baby Care" is a valid and reliable measurement instrument.

Evaluation of urinary incontinence and quality of life in married women aged between 20 and 49 years (Sakarya, Turkey)

Background/aim: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of urinary incontinence and to evaluate the relationship between urinary incontinence and quality of life in married women. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted among married women aged 20-49 years living in the vicinity of the Çökekler Community Clinic (Family Health Center) in Sakarya, Turkey, from 1 November 2011 to 15 April 2012. The study group consisted of 1161 women. Results: The frequency of urinary incontinence was 71.5% (n = 830). Out of a total of 830 patients with symptoms of urinary incontinence, mixed was the most frequently determined type (60.4%), followed by urge (33.9%) and then stress urinary incontinence (5.8%). The mean scores obtained by women with urinary incontinence from the general health perceptions and social functioning domains of the SF-36 survey were lower (P < 0.05 for each domain). Conclusion: Urinary incontinence was found to be a common problem among women, and it affects quality of life adversely. Recurrent urinary tract infection and advancing age were the key risk factors in the development of urinary incontinence.

Spondylodiscitis: a common complication of brucellosis.

INTRODUCTION: Brucellar spondylodiscitis is a frequent and serious complication of brucellosis. The aim of this study is to describe the brucellosis patients with spondylodiscitis and the predictive factors related to spondylodiscitis in brucellosis. METHODOLOGY: Laboratory-confirmed brucellosis patients from a low- to medium-endemic region were enrolled in the study and distributed into two groups. Group I consisted of patients with spondylodiscitis and Group II patients had no complications. Both groups were compared for predictive factors of spondylodiscitis. RESULTS: A total of 219 patients with active brucellosis were included in the study. We determined at least one complication in 91 (41.6%) patients. The most frequent complication was spondylodiscitis [n = 59 patients (26.9 %)]. In univariate analysis, age, time from symptom onset to diagnosis, presence of low back pain, increased levels of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and alkaline phosphatases were the most significant predictive factors for spondylodiscitis among brucellosis cases. Presence of headache and thrombocytopenia were less frequent in patients with spondylodiscitis when compared to patients without complications (p = 0.024, p = 0.006 respectively). In multivariate analysis, old age (odds ratio [OR] 1,063; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.026-1.101; p < 0.001), prolonged time between symptoms onset before diagnosis (OR 1.008; 95% CI 1.001-1.016; p = 0.031), and presence of low back pain (OR 12.886; 95% CI 3.978-41.739; p < 0.001) were indepedently associated with an increased risk of spondylodiscitis. CONCLUSIONS: Spondylodiscitis is the most frequent complication of systemic brucellosis. Patients with low back pain, older age, and longer duration of symptoms should be considered as candidates of potential spondylodiscitis in brucellosis.

Variables determining mortality in patients with Acinetobacter baumannii meningitis/ventriculitis treated with intrathecal colistin.

AIM: To examine the variables associated with mortality in patients with Acinetobacter baumannii-related central nervous system infections treated with intrathecal colistin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This multi-centre retrospective case control study included patients from 11 centres in Turkey, as well as cases found during a literature review. Only patients with CNS infections caused by multidrug-resistant or extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii treated with intrathecal colistin were included in this study. The variables associated with mortality were determined by dividing the patients into groups who died or survived during hospitalisation, and who died or survived from Acinetobacter meningitis. RESULTS: Among the 77 cases enrolled in the study, 35 were found through a literature review and 42 were cases from our centres. Forty-four cases (57.1%) were male and the median age was 48 years (range: 20-78 years). Thirty-seven patients (48%) died during hospitalisation. The variables associated with increased all-cause mortality during hospitalisation included old age (odds ratio, 1.035; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.004-1.067; p=0.026) and failure to provide cerebrospinal fluid sterilisation (odds ratio, 0.264; 95% confidence interval, 0.097-0.724; p=0.01). There is a trend (P=0.062) towards higher mortality with using of meropenem during meningitis treatment. Fifteen cases (19%) died from meningitis. There were no significant predictors of meningitis-related mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The mortality rate for central nervous system infections caused by multidrug-resistant or extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is high. Old age and failure to provide CSF sterilisation are associated with increased mortality during hospitalisation.

Quality of life and related factors among chronic hepatitis B-infected patients: a multi-center study, Turkey.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients in Turkey and to study related factors. METHODS: This multicenter study was carried out between January 01 and April 15, 2015 in Turkey in 57 centers. Adults were enrolled and studied in three groups. Group 1: Inactive HBsAg carriers, Group 2: CHB patients receiving antiviral therapy, Group 3: CHB patients who were neither receiving antiviral therapy nor were inactive HBsAg carriers. Study data was collected by face-to-face interviews using a standardized questionnaire, Short Form-36 (SF-36) and Hepatitis B Quality of Life (HBQOL). Values equivalent to p < 0.05 in analyses were accepted as statistically significant. RESULTS: Four thousand two hundred fifty-seven patients with CHB were included in the study. Two thousand five hundred fifty-nine (60.1 %) of the patients were males. Groups 1, 2 and 3, consisted of 1529 (35.9 %), 1721 (40.4 %) and 1007 (23.7 %) patients, respectively. The highest value of HRQOL was found in inactive HBsAg carriers. We found that total HBQOL score increased when antiviral treatment was used. However, HRQOL of CHB patients varied according to their socio-demographic properties. Regarding total HBQOL score, a higher significant level of HRQOL was determined in inactive HBV patients when matched controls with the associated factors were provided. CONCLUSIONS: The HRQOL score of CHB patients was higher than expected and it can be worsen when the disease becomes active. Use of an antiviral therapy can contribute to increasing HRQOL of patients.

Isolated Severe Immune Thrombocytopenia due to Acute Brucellosis.

Mild anemia and leukopenia are the most common hematologic findings in the course of acute brucellosis. However severe form of thrombocytopenia is less frequently reported. The patient was admitted to the hospital with fever, gingival bleeding, and petechial skin lesions related to severe thrombocytopenia. He was investigated for the causes of thrombocytopenia. Test results showed that Wright agglutination test was positive at 1/5120 titer, and blood culture was positive for Brucella melitensis. Finally, he was diagnosed as acute brucellosis. Rifampicin and doxycycline treatment was started on he third day of admission. A bone marrow aspiration was performed on the seventh day of admission because of severe thrombocytopenia did not response to brucellosis treatment. The result of bone marrow aspiration was consistent with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. With the addition of corticosteroid treatment, his complaints resolved immediately, and thrombocyte count rose to normal range. He was discharged on the 12th day of rifampicin and doxycycline therapy, and he was successfully completed 6-week therapy. In cases of brucella induced immune thrombocytopenia, corticosteroid treatment might be useful for the prevention of bleeding complications.

Review of frequency of dysmenorrhea and some associated factors and evaluation of the relationship between dysmenorrhea and sleep quality in university students.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of dysmenorrhea in university students, review some associated factors and evaluate the relationship between dysmenorrhea and sleep quality. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study group included 520 students. Survey forms prepared previously in line with the study objective were completed by the students under supervision. The severity of dysmenorrhea was rated with Visual Analogue Scale. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to evaluate the sleep quality. The χ(2) test, Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for the analyses. Statistical significance level was accepted at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Mean age of the students was 20.23 ± 1.59 years (range 17-25). Frequency of dysmenorrhea was determined to be 69.0% (n = 359). Frequency of dysmenorrhea was higher in smokers, those with menstrual irregularity, those who use drugs for menstrual regulation and those having a family history (p < 0.05 for each). The most frequent symptoms in those having dysmenorrhea history were weakness (59.6%), fatigue (58.5%) and breast tenderness (45.4%), respectively. Sleep quality was found to be poorer in the students having a history of dysmenorrhea (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Dysmenorrhea is an important health problem in young women. Dysmenorrhea affects the sleep quality negatively.

Evaluation of mobile phone addiction level and sleep quality in university students.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the mobile phone addiction level in university students, to examine several associated factors and to evaluate the relation between the addiction level and sleep quality. METHODS: The study is a cross-sectional research conducted on the students of the Sakarya University between 01 November 2012 and 01 February 2013. The study group included 576 students. The Problematic Mobile Phone Use Scale was used for evaluating the mobile phone addiction level and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index for assessing the sleep quality. Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman's Correlation Analysis were used for analyzing the data. RESULTS: The study group consisted of 296 (51.4%) females and 208 (48.6%) males. The mean age was 20.83 ± 1.90 years (min:17, max:28). The addiction level was determined to be higher in the second-year students, those with poor family income, those with type A personality, those whose age for first mobile phone is 13 and below and those whose duration of daily mobile phone use is above 5 hours (p < 0.05 for each). The sleep quality worsens with increasing mobile phone addiction level (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The sleep quality worsens with increasing addiction level. It was concluded that referring the students with suspected addiction to advanced healthcare facilities, performing occasional scans for early diagnosis and informing the students about controlled mobile phone use would be useful.

Vaginal douching practices among Turkish married women.

AIM: This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of the practice of vaginal douching among Turkish married women and associations between their douching status, predisposing factors, and effects on their health. METHODS: This cross-sectional survey of women between 17 and 61 years of age was conducted between February 1, 2007, and May 18, 2007, in the Maternity-Gynecology and Children's Hospital in Ordu, Turkey. The sample of this study included 427 women. A confidential and anonymous self-reported questionnaire was collected in a convenient sample of the women. RESULTS: Of the 427 women in the study, 165 women (38.6%) had douched at some time. Housewives [odds ratio (OR) 2.660, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.162-6.090], women who had experienced a spontaneous abortion (OR 4.676, 95% CI 1.606-13.618), or had beliefs about positive health effects of vaginal douching (OR 29.603, 95% CI 14.090-62.192) also had risk factors associated with vaginal douching practices. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this study found that vaginal douching is a common practice among women. Many of the women who practiced vaginal douching believed in its health benefits. The results may enhance healthcare practitioners' knowledge and efforts to educate their patients.

In vitro synergistic activity of tigecycline and colistin against XDR-Acinetobacter baumannii.

The emergence of extensive drug-resistant (XDR) Acinetobacter baumannii limits the therapeutic options and leads to high mortality in intensive care units. Combined antibiotic therapy is frequently recommended for the treatment of these infections. Colistin (CO) and tigecycline (TIG), alone or in combination with other antimicrobials, are the most commonly used antibiotics in the treatment of these resistant infections. In this study, the in vitro synergistic activity of TIG and CO were tested for 25 XDR-A. baumannii strains isolated from ventilator-associated pneumonia by the Etest method. Resistance to CO was not detected, whereas 8% of the strains were resistant to TIG. The TIG-CO combination was more synergistic than TIG-rifampin and CO-rifampin according to the fractional inhibitory concentration index. No antagonism was detected between the drugs in the study. There was no strong correlation between the activity of the combinations with reference to strains or genotypes. Our results suggest that the combined use of TIG and CO may be useful for the treatment of XDR-A. baumannii infections.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever treated with ribavirin in a pregnant woman.

We report a case of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) infection in a 36-week pregnant woman. She was treated with ribavirin. She did not transmit the disease to her baby. Her baby was the first known to survive being delivered by a woman with CCHF. The initialization of ribavirin treatment probably resulted in the survival of the mother and her baby.