Retrospective investigation of pressure injury in COVID-19 patients followed on invasive mechanical ventilator support.

AIM: In this study, we aimed to investigate pressure injury (PI) and its associated factors in COVID-19 patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). METHODS: This was designed as a retrospective, descriptive and correlational study. In this study, there was no sample selection, and the data were collected by reviewing the files of 438 patients who had been followed up on IMV in the intensive care unit (ICU) with a diagnosis of COVID-19 between April 30, 2020, and April 30, 2022. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program. RESULTS: A total of 305 pressure injuries occurred in 36.3% of 438 patients receiving IMV. It was found that the length of IMV stay of the patients accelerated the occurrence of PI and that the length of stay in the intensive care unit, albumin and hemoglobin levels, Braden Pressure Sore Risk Assessment Score, APACHE-II value, nutritional status, glutamine supplementation, and vasopressor use were found to be significantly correlated with the incidence of PI (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with COVID-19 who were followed up on IMV had a high incidence of PI, and prolonged ICU stays and intubations duration as well as low albumin and hemoglobin levels increased the occurrence of PI. Hence, it is recommended that the PI risk levels of COVID-19 patients followed up on IMV should be evaluated frequently and nursing interventions should be implemented according to the evaluations.

The effects of open and closed system endotracheal suctioning methods on suctioning frequency, amount of secretion, and haemodynamics: A single-blind, randomised, 2 × 2 crossover trial.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have revealed that clinicians cannot suction all available secretion in the trachea and perform more frequent suctioning with a closed suctioning system (CSS) than with an open suctioning system (OSS). There are also studies claiming that the CSS is as effective as the OSS, based on either the amount of secretion, the frequency of suctioning, or haemodynamic parameters alone. However, there is no study examining all at once. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to determine whether the CSS is as effective for secretion removal, suctioning frequency, tidal volume (VT), and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) as the OSS. METHODS: The study used a single-blind, randomised, 2 × 2 crossover (2-method, 2-arm, 2-period) design. One hundred intubated patients were randomly assigned to two study arms. Thirty-four were randomised to the CSS on the first day and the OSS on the second day (AB arm), and 35 were randomised to the OSS on the first day and the CSS on the second day (BA arm). A 12-h washout period was set between them. Haemodynamic parameters were measured just before suctioning and in the 5th minute after suctioning. The secretions obtained after suctioning were weighed, and the frequency of suctioning was recorded. RESULTS: There were no effects of method, period, or carryover on suctioning frequency and amount of secretion in the 2 × 2 crossover design t-test (p > 0.05). In the OSS, there was a weak, linear, and negative correlation between the amount of secretion and SpO2, and between VT and SpO2 measured before and after suctioning (p < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS: Open and closed suctioning systems were similar in terms of haemodynamic alterations, amounts of secretion, and frequency of suctioning. The CSS was as effective as the OSS. REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04053751.

Risk factors for early ostomy complications in emergency and elective colorectal surgery: A single-center retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The clinical significance of early ostomy complications has been emphasized worldwide, and the current evidence concerning the impact of emergency or elective surgery on ostomy complications is limited. This study aimed to investigate the effect of elective and emergency colorectal surgery on early ostomy complications and the risk factors associated with specific complications. METHODS: A mandatory colorectal recording system for consecutive ostomy patients between 2012 and 2020 was reviewed retrospectively. Patient socio-demographics, ostomy-related variables, and early period ostomy complications were retrieved from the patient records. The chi-square test, t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and logistic regression were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The study cohort included 872 patients. At least one or more complications developed in 573 (65.7%) patients, 356 (63.6%) in the emergency group, and 217 (69.6%) in the elective group. When comparing emergency surgery to elective surgery, necrosis (7.4% versus 3.4%, p = 0.009), mucocutaneous separation (37.2% versus 27.1%, p = 0.002), and bleeding (6.1% versus 2.1%, p = 0.003) were more prevalent. Peristomal irritant contact dermatitis (PICD) (37.3% versus 26%, p < 0.001) was more common in elective surgery. Risk factors for PICD were comorbidity (p = 0.003), malignant disease (p = 0.047), and loop ostomy (p < 0.001) in elective surgery; female sex (p = 0.025), neo-adjuvant therapy (p = 0.024), and ileostomy (p = 0.006) in emergency surgery. The height of the ostomy (less than 10 mm) was a modifiable risk factor for mucocutaneous separation in both elective surgery (p < 0.001) and emergency surgery (p = 0.045). CONCLUSION: Early ostomy complications were more likely to occur after emergency colorectal surgery than in an elective setting. Patient- and ostomy-related risk factors for complications differed between elective and emergency surgeries.

Pain perception of patients in intensive care unit after cardiac surgery: A qualitative study using Roy's Adaptation Model.

AIM: This study was conducted to examine the pain perceptions of intensive care patients after cardiac surgery according to Roy's Adaptation Model (RAM). STUDY DESIGN: A qualitative design with a phenomenological approach was used in the study. The research data were collected by using a "descriptive information form", a "semi-structured interview form", and the "numerical rating scale" through the "in-depth interview method". The study sample consisted of 16 patients who were aged 18 years or older, had undergone cardiac surgery, experienced pain post-operatively in the intensive care unit at least once, and had intensive care experience. Patients with neuropathic or chronic pain or neurological or psychiatric disorders were not included in the study. Data were classified into physiologic, self-concept, and interdependence modes according to RAM. RESULTS: The themes and sub-themes that emerged included physiologic modes (pain responses), self-concept modes (pain self-management), role-function modes (effects of pain), and interdependence modes (support systems in pain). CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study can enable patients and nurses to communicate effectively about pain. In future studies, the effect of model-based pain management programs on cardiac surgery patients can be investigated. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Examining the pain perceptions of intensive care patients after cardiac surgery according to RAM will guide the improvement and development of pain management. It is thought that the model addresses intensive care patients experiencing pain holistically.

Physical Restraint Experiences of Family Caregivers of Patients With Stroke in Turkey: A Qualitative Study.

The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences and needs of family caregivers of stroke patients who require physical restraints. The themes and sub-themes that emerged included "the reason for the use of PR" (disruptive behaviors of the patient and personal reasons of caregivers), "the turmoil of having to use PR" (inevitableness, comparing benefits and harms, the emotional effect of PR, and physical effects), and "unmet needs and suggestions" (unmeet needs and suggestions). Nurses should take the experiences of patient relatives into account in the process of PR application, organize training programs, and determine application standards for PR.

The effects of an ethics laboratory program on moral sensitivity and professional values in nursing students: A randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Recently, moral sensitivity and professional values have become increasingly important in nursing education and have been tried to be improved. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of an ethics laboratory program integrated with the fundamentals of nursing course on the moral sensitivity and professional values of nursing students. DESIGN: The present study was designed as a randomized controlled study. The 8-week ethics laboratory program was applied to the students in the intervention group. In the ethics laboratory program, interactive education methods, such as ethical scenarios, case studies, roleplay, group discussions, project papers and watching movies, were applied. Control group received the standard fundamentals of nursing curriculum. PARTICIPANTS: The sample size was determined using stratified block randomization method, and 100 nursing students were assigned to intervention (n = 50) and control group (n = 50). RESULTS: There was no baseline difference between the groups. The moral sensitivity average of the students in the intervention (82.66 ± 12.57) was lower than the average of the control group (85.64 ± 16.83) after the ethics laboratory program; however, the difference was not statistically significant (p > .05). Similarly, there were no significant differences between the intervention (132.32 ± 16.83) and the control group (131.81 ± 20.55) regarding the average score of professional values. In the responsibility sub-dimension of professional values, there was a statistically significant increase in the intervention group (p < .05). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the ethics laboratory program for nursing students is effective in promoting responsibility sub-dimension of professional values. However, there was no significant effect on students' moral sensitivity and other dimensions of professional values. Further refinements of interventional research in ethics education and measurement of learning outcomes should be developed.

Missed nursing care and its relationship with perceived ethical leadership.

BACKGROUND: Determination of the factors affecting missed nursing care and the impact of ethical leadership is important in improving the quality of care. AIM: This study aims to determine the missed nursing care and its relationship with perceived ethical leadership. RESEARCH DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS AND RESEARCH CONTEXT: The sample consisted of 233 nurses, of whom 92.7% were staff nurses and 7.3% were charge nurses, who work in three different hospitals in Turkey. The study data were collected using a personal and professional characteristics data form, the Missed Nursing Care Survey, and the Ethical Leadership Scale. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: The study was approved by the non-interventional ethics committee of Dokuz Eylül University Ethics Committee for Noninvasive Clinical Studies. All participants' written and verbal consents were obtained. FINDINGS: The most missed nursing care practices were ambulation, attending interdisciplinary care conferences, and discharge planning. According to the logistic regression analysis, sex, the number of patients that the nurse is in charge of giving care, the number of patients discharged in the last shift, and satisfaction with the team were determined as factors affecting missed care. No significant relationship was found between ethical leadership and missed nursing care (p > 0.05), and a weak but significant relationship was found between the clarification of duties/roles subscale and missed nursing care (r = -0.136, p < 0.05). DISCUSSION: Ethical leaders should collaborate with policy-makers at an institutional level to particularly achieve teamwork that is effective in the provision of care, to control missed basic nursing care, and to organize working hours and at the country level to determine roles and to increase the workforce. CONCLUSION: The results of this study contribute to the international literature on the most common type of missed nursing care, its reasons, and the relationship between the missed care and ethical leadership in a different cultural context.

Evidence-based knowledge and emotional experiences of undergraduate nursing students regarding endotracheal suctioning: A cross-sectional, descriptive study.

AIM: This study evaluated the evidence-based knowledge and emotional experiences of undergraduate nursing students regarding endotracheal suctioning. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY/DESIGN: A cross-sectional, descriptive, survey design was used. Nursing students' knowledge level was measured using the Suctioning Knowledge Questionnaire, and emotions were assessed using the Clinical Stress Questionnaire. SETTING: University undergraduate nursing programme. RESULTS: The study included 445 undergraduate nurses. Students' mean knowledge score was 36.86 ± 14.45, and 85.8% of the total knowledge scores were 50 or less indicating a low level of knowledge. The mean score of the students who had experienced the suctioning procedure (44.5%, n = 198) was statistically higher than that of the students without experience (38.78 ± 12.62 and 35.32 ± 15.62, respectively) (p < 0.05). Students who performed the suctioning procedure expressed their emotions relating to suctioning as follows: I felt nervous (79.3%), worried (77.8%), frightened (70.2%), daunted (53.0%) and disgusted (51.0%). CONCLUSION: The majority of nursing students' knowledge levels were insufficient. That they felt frightened or disgusted performing the procedure was noteworthy. Students should be given the opportunity to perform endotracheal suctioning and express their feelings about the procedure.

Spiritual care needs and associated factors among patients with ostomy: A Cross-Sectional Study.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate the spiritual care needs and associated factors in patients with ostomy. BACKGROUND: The significance of the spiritual care needs of the patients has been emphasised across countries and cultures in the literature. DESIGN: A descriptive, cross-sectional study. METHODS: Outpatients with an ostomy (n = 127) were recruited from proctology, wound and stoma therapy unit and general surgery clinics between January and 28 March 2020. The data were collected using the Socio-demographic Characteristics Form and Spiritual Care Needs Inventory (SCNI). SCNI has two components, namely 'meaning and hope' and 'caring and respect'. Descriptive statistics, correlation, Student's t test, ANOVA and multiple linear regression analyses were used to analyse the data. The STROBE checklist was used to report the study. RESULTS: The mean scores of the spiritual care needs (65.31 ± 12.83), meaning and hope (37.35 ± 9.37), and caring and respect (27.96 ± 5.63) of the patients with ostomy were found to be moderate. The most significant factors affecting the meaning and hope component were the age, being female and decreases in the level of income. Scores of the patients who perceived the severity of the disease seriously and who practiced religious ritual regularly had more spiritual care needs for the component of caring and respect. Patients with ostomy needed interaction, respect for their privacy and dignity, to be shown concern and to be respected for their religious and cultural beliefs, which were the most salient needs. CONCLUSIONS: There is an unambiguous requirement for nurses to ensure spiritual care for patients with ostomy. Showing interest and spending time for the interaction with patients with ostomy, need-based spiritual practices and life review are key elements of spiritual care. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Evaluating patients with ostomy spiritually requires information about how spiritual needs may arise and how to talk about spiritual needs. The result of the present study may help nurses to begin the process of maintaining spiritual care for patients with ostomy.

Nurses' knowledge and attitudes regarding physical restraint in Turkish intensive care units.

BACKGROUND: Physical restraint is still widely used despite studies supporting a reduction in its use. The development of guidelines to reduce the use of PR first requires the identification of factors related to the use of alternative methods. AIM: This study aimed to determine factors associated with the use of alternatives to physical restraint (PR) in intensive care units. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. METHODS: Data were collected from adult intensive care units of three hospitals in Turkey using the Physical Restraint Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Scale and a questionnaire including open-ended questions. RESULTS: Overall, 202 nurses (80% response rate) completed the questionnaire. Nurses' knowledge, attitude, and practice scores regarding PR were 6.89 ± 1.79, 29.85 ± 4.93, and 36.76 ± 3.36, respectively. PR was reported to be necessary for patients at risk of self-harm, with dangerous behaviours, and who were trying to remove their catheters. Most nurses (64.9%) stated that they needed a written doctor's order. Analysis of free-text responses showed that patient disorientation (because of delirium, sedation, or agitation), nurses' workload, and lack of training regarding restraint were the primary reasons why nurses could not use alternatives. The main alternatives suggested by nurses were categorized as sedation, communication, and environmental regulation. Logistic regression analysis identified training (P = .009), working unit (P = .001), and nurses' practice score to use PR (P = .004) as independent risk factors for not using alternative methods of PR. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study revealed a moderate level of knowledge, attitude, and practice among nurses regarding the use of PR. Thus, education of nurses about the prevention of delirium and alternatives to PR according to the characteristics of their units is required. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Clinical guidelines and in-service training need to be developed to increase the use of alternatives to PR and delirium management.

Ostomy Complications, Risk Factors, and Applied Nursing Care: A Retrospective, Descriptive Study.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to describe the frequency of colostomy and ileostomy complications and types of nursing interventions as well as to examine patient and ostomy variables associated with early and late complications. METHODS: The records of 572 patients who received ostomy care from a wound ostomy care (WOC) nurse between 2013 and 2017 were abstracted. Patient demographic and ostomy variables, early period (< 30 days after surgery) and late period (> 30 days after surgery) complications, as well as documented nursing interventions were retrieved. Percentages and rates, chi-square statistics, and logistic regression were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 59.1 years (standard deviation [SD], 13.86), and the majority of patients were male (302 patients; 52.8%), married (454; 79.4%), and had a temporary (438; 76.6%) end colostomy (253; 44.2%). One (1) or more complications developed in 323 patients (56.5%) in the early period and in 207 patients (36.2%) in the late period. The most common complications in the early period were peristomal irritant contact dermatitis (PICD) (181; 31.6%) and mucocutaneous separation (135; 23.6%). PICD was also the most common complication in the late period (149; 26%). The risk of PICD was significantly higher in patients with a body mass index > 24.9 kg/m2 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.547), who had an ileostomy (OR = 1.654), or a temporary ostomy (OR = 1.728). Variables associated with an increased risk of mucocutaneous separation included obstacles to ostomy care (OR = 2.222), having an end ostomy (OR = 2.171), and ostomy height < 10 mm (OR = 1.964). Complications were treated by the WOC nurse in 67.5% of patients, and the most common intervention was application of skin barrier powder and wipe layers. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of ostomy complications, especially PICD and mucocutaneous separation, in this study was high. Results confirm that patient and ostomy characteristics might significantly affect the risk of complications. The findings support the importance of outpatient follow-up by a WOC nurse. Explorative or randomized controlled studies are needed to identify optimal nursing strategies to decrease complication rates.

The relationship between moral sensitivity and medical errors attitude in nursing students.

The aim of this descriptive and correlational study was to determine the relationship between nursing students' moral sensitivity and attitudes towards medical errors. The study sample consisted of 309 fourth graders of the school of nursing of a university. Data were collected using a Descriptive characteristics form, the Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire (MSQ) and the Medical Errors Attitude Scale (MEAS). Participants had a mean MSQ and MEAS score of 91.31 ± 21.29 and 3.77 ± 0.44, respectively. There was a negative correlation between MEAS and MSQ scores, indicating that the higher the moral sensitivity, the higher the participants' awareness of medical errors and error reporting. It is, therefore, recommended that students be offered moral education based on different teaching methods to help them develop positive attitudes towards medical errors.

The effect of physical restraint on neurovascular complications in intensive care units.

BACKGROUND: To reduce the neurovascular complications caused by physical restraint in intensive care patients, there is a need to examine the occurrence of neurovascular complications and their rate. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of physical restraint on the occurrence of neurovascular complications and their rate. METHODS: A prospective observational cohort study was carried out. A total of 90 patients from anaesthesia and internal intensive care units participated in this study. Patients were assessed at intervals of 24 h for 4 days using the following instruments: Individual Characteristics Form, Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS), Behavioral Pain Scale, and Complication Diagnostic Diary. RESULTS: Redness (p < 0.001), limb movement (p < 0.001), oedema (p < 0.001), and colour complication (p < 0.001) increased, whereas pulse strength (p < 0.001) decreased in physically restrained sites on the arm from day 1 to day 4. Redness was increased in patients physically restrained with all types of materials (p < 0.001; p < 0.001; p = 0.020). Although there was a statistically significant difference in terms of movement (p = 0.006; p = 0.003) and oedema (p < 0.001; p < 0.001), both with a roll of gauze and tough cuff, these complications were not significantly different in patients restrained with green foam tie (p > 0.05). According to logistic regression analysis, material type, position of the limb, space between the physical restraint and limb, age, RASS, and pain were independent risk factors for neurovascular complications. RASS and pain were independent protective factors against movement complications. CONCLUSIONS: The duration of physical restraint increases neurovascular complications. This study revealed that nurses did not regularly check the restrained wrist and did not focus on the peripheral circulation. It is necessary to develop training programs, standards, and appropriate follow-up strategies in intensive care units in Turkey.

Examination of nursing drug administration practices via central venous catheter: An observational study.

AIM: To determine the compliance with nursing drug administration procedure steps associated with access to the central venous catheter for bolus infusion in intensive care units. METHODS: This observational study was conducted with 30 nurses working in an intensive care unit of a university hospital. The drug administrations practiced by nurses via central venous catheter were monitored simultaneously at 12:00 a.m., 02:00 p.m., and 06:00 p.m. by two observers. The data were collected using a data collection form and central venous catheter drug administration procedure steps. RESULTS: A total of 90 different drug administrations were observed in three different treatment hours from 30 nurses. The interobserver conformity was found to be moderate in two steps (kappa = 0.520-0.627, P = 0.01) and perfect in all other steps (kappa = 0.821-1.000, P = 0.000). According to the drug administration procedure steps via a central venous catheter, all nurses applied the following steps correctly during all treatment hours: drug card control, preparation of treatment materials, checking the patient's identity, and steps of drug treatment administration. The following tasks were frequently performed incorrectly or not at all: hand hygiene (before treatment 87.8%; after treatment 82.2%), scrubbing the three-way stopcock entrance with an alcohol swab (55.6%), waiting for the alcohol to dry (81.1%), and flushing the lumen with a compatible fluid (before treatment 84.4%: after treatment 75.6%). CONCLUSION: Observation of drug administration procedure steps via central venous catheter according to the treatment hours showed that the nurses performed many incomplete or inaccurate drug administration procedure steps and the mistakes increased toward the evening hours.

Relationships Among Spiritual Well-being, Adjustment, and Quality of Life in Patients With a Stoma: A Cross-sectional, Descriptive Study.

Individual spiritual preferences and adjustment to a stoma may affect quality of life. PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the relationship among and the factors that influence spiritual well-being, adjustment to a stoma, and quality of life in patients with a stoma. METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted over 6 months among outpatients with a stoma recruited from general surgery and enterostomal therapy clinics of a university hospital in Turkey. Turkish-speaking patients who were at least 18 years of age and had a colostomy or ileostomy for at least 2 months were eligible to participate. Participants independently (or with researcher help if necessary) completed the Sociodemographic Characteristics Form; the 12-item Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-Being Scale (FACIT-Sp) that utilized 5-point, Likert-style responses to items regarding meaning, peace, and faith (score range 0-48; higher scores indicate more spiritual well-being); the 23-item Ostomy Adjustment Scale that utilized 5-point, Likert-style responses to items regarding acceptance worry, social adjustment, and anger (score range 0-92; higher scores indicate better adjustment); and the 21-item Stoma Quality of Life Scale that used a combination of scoring methods (score range 0-100; higher scores imply better quality of life) and Likert-style questions. Data were transferred without patient names from the questionnaires directly into a software program for analysis. Descriptive statistics, correlation, and hierarchical regression analyses were applied. RESULTS: Of the 95 participants (52 [54.7%] men; mean participant age 56.54 ± 13.74 years), mean scores were 31.66 ± 7.39 for spiritual well-being, 51.73 ± 12.28 for adjustment to a stoma, and 55.27 ± 16.45 for quality of life. A statistically significant difference was found between the mean spiritual well-being and quality-of-life (r = 0.525, P <.001) and adjustment to a stoma (r = .549, P <.001) scores, and a significant relationship was noted between the mean quality-of-life and adjustment scores (r = 0.698, P <.001). Stoma adjustment and quality of life significantly correlated with the meaning and peace subscales of FACIT-Sp (P <.001). No correlation was found between faith or stoma adjustment and quality of life. Hierarchical regression analysis showed the most significant factors affecting quality of life were adjustment to a stoma (ß = .541) and spiritual well-being (ß = .190). CONCLUSION: Adjustment and spirituality are important quality-of-life factors in patients with a stoma. Clinical assessments and practices should include the meaning and peace aspects of spiritual well-being and how well the patient is adjusting to the stoma. Well-designed randomized controlled studies that evaluate the impact of the spiritual dimension of nursing care on patient outcomes as well as the effect of spiritual well-being on adjustment to stoma are suggested.

The impact of forensic nursing course on students' knowledge level on forensic evidence.

The study is designed as quasi experimental including pre-test and post-test. The sample of the study is consisted of 98 students who are taking the Forensic Nursing course in the second year of the School of Nursing at a university. The mean score obtained from the test on the knowledge of forensic evidence before the training was 23.63 ±â€¯5.24 while the mean score after the training was 33.32 ±â€¯4.54. A statistically significant difference was found when the average scores of the students were compared before and after the course of forensic nursing. It was revealed that the course of forensic nursing taken by the students has a positive effect on the knowledge of forensic evidence of students and increases their knowledge level. The results suggest to add a course of forensic nursing as an elective or mandatory course to the curriculum of nursing programs and disseminate the postgraduate education on forensic nursing.

The effect of nurses' ethical leadership and ethical climate perceptions on job satisfaction.

BACKGROUND: The development of ethical leadership approaches plays an important role in achieving better patient care. Although studies that analyze the impact of ethical leadership on ethical climate and job satisfaction have gained importance in recent years, there is no study on ethical leadership and its relation to ethical climate and job satisfaction in our country. OBJECTIVES: This descriptive and cross-sectional study aimed to determine the effect of nurses' ethical leadership and ethical climate perceptions on their job satisfaction. METHODS: The study sample is composed of 285 nurses who agreed to participate in this research and who work at the internal, surgical, and intensive care units of a university hospital and a training and research hospital in Izmir, Turkey. Data were collected using Ethical Leadership Scale, Hospital Ethical Climate Scale, and Minnesota Satisfaction Scale. While the independent sample t-test, analysis of variance, Mann-Whitney U test, and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to analyze the data, the correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between the scales. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: The study proposal was approved by the ethics committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University. FINDINGS: The nurses' mean scores were 59.05 ± 14.78 for the ethical leadership, 92.62 ± 17 for the ethical climate, and 62.15 ± 13.46 for the job satisfaction. The correlation between the nurses' ethical leadership and ethical climate mean scores was moderately positive and statistically significant (r = +0.625, p = 0.000), was weak but statistically significant between their ethical leadership and job satisfaction mean scores (r = +0.461, p = 0.000), and was moderately positive and statistically significant between their ethical climate and job satisfaction mean scores (r = +0.603, p = 0.000). CONCLUSION: The nurses' ethical leadership, ethical climate, and job satisfaction levels are moderate, and there is a positive relationship between them. The nurses' perceptions of ethical leadership are influenced by their educational status, workplace, and length of service.

A scale-development study: Exploration of intensive-care nurses' attitudes towards futile treatments.

The study was conducted to determine the validity and reliability of the tool used to assess nurses' attitudes towards futility, and to explore intensive-care nurses' attitudes towards futility. Principal components analysis revealed that 18item scale was made up of four subdimensions that assess Identifying(beliefs), Decision-Making, Ethical Principles and Law, and Dilemma and Responsibilities related to futile treatments. The internal consistency of the scale was in the acceptable range, with a total Cronbach's alpha value of 0.72. Overall the results of study suggest that scale can be used as a valid and reliable assessment tool to assess nurses' attitudes towards futility.

Creating a change in the use of ventrogluteal site for intramuscular injection.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to determine the impact of education on the knowledge, opinions and anxiety level of the nurses regarding the use of the ventrogluteal site for intramuscular injection. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The research was conducted with a single group using a semi-empirical pre-test, post-test design. The sample consisted of 50 nurses who worked in clinics where intramuscular injection was frequently applied and who participated in training on the use of ventrogluteal site for intramuscular injection. The data were collected by the researchers with the questionnaire form for evaluation of data, in addition to using descriptive statistical methods, paired sample t-test, Kruskal-Wallis and 2-related samples tests. RESULTS: It was found that 34.0% of the nurses frequently used the dorsogluteal site for intramuscular injection. It was determined that the difference between pre-training (12.40±6.89) and post-training (21.80±1.95) mean scores of the nurses regarding the ventrogluteal site injection was statistically significant (P<0.00). However, no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) was found between the pre-training (39.22±10.16) and post-training (37.52±8.54) anxiety levels. CONCLUSION: It can be stated that the majority of the nurses did not prefer the ventrogluteal site for intramuscular injection; the reasons for not preferring this method were a lack of knowledge on determining the site and concern about harming the patients.