[Prophylaxis of pertussis: development and use of acellular pertussis vaccine].

Modern data substantiating the expediency of the use of acellular pertussis vaccine were analyzed. Serious postvaccinal complications caused by the action of the corpuscular pertussis component of adsorbed DPT vaccine served as the basis for the development of acellular pertussis vaccine (APV). During the period of 1990-1996 as many as 8 international field trials of the effectiveness of APV were carried out. The results of these trials and studies were evaluated in accordance with the unified programs and criteria. The vaccines under test differed by the composition of Bordetella pertussis purified antigens they contained, the methods of their purification and the detoxification of pertussis toxin. All tested APV, with the exception SKB-2, possessed pronounced prophylactic activity.

[Evaluation of reactogenicity and immunogenicity of Bubo-M, the Russian combined vaccine for immunization of adults against diphtheria, tetanus and viral hepatitis B]. / Otsenka reaktogennosti i immunogennosti otechestvennoi kombinirovannoi vaktsiny Bubo-M pri immunizatsii vzroslykh protiv difterii, stolbniaka i virusnogo gepatita B.

Bubo-M, the first Russian associated vaccine, was found to have low reactogenicity and high immunogenic potency. The frequency of postvaccinal reactions in the group of persons immunized with Bubo-M (20%) appeared to be considerably lower than among persons who received the combined injection of adsorbed DT toxoid with reduced antigen content and vaccine against hepatitis B (47.7%). Following the course of vaccination the level of anti-HBs considerably exceeded the protective level. Immune response to the diphtheria and tetanus components of Bubo-M exceeded that observed after immunization with absorbed DT toxoid with reduced antigen content (p < 0.05).

[Reactions to and immunogenic properties of the combined vaccine Bubo-M for immunization of children against diphtheria, tetanus and viral hepatitis B]. / Reaktogennost' i immunogennost' kombinirovannoi vaktsiny Bubo-M pri immunizatsii detei protiv difterii, stolbniaka i virusnogo gepatita B.

Bubo-M, the first Russian combined vaccine, was found to have low reactogenicity. The difference between the number of postvaccinal reactions in the group of children immunized with Bubo-M (25.9%) and those in the group of children who had been simultaneously injected into different sites of the body with ADS-M toxoid (adsorbed DT toxoid with reduced antigen content) and hepatitis B vaccine (26.7%) was not statistically significant. Following immunization a considerable increase in the level of diphtheria and tetanus antibodies (p < 0.005) was observed in all children (100%), the level of HBs antibodies in the group of children immunized with Bubo-M (the geometric mean titer: 13,721 IU/l) essentially exceeding that observed in the control group injected with ADS-M toxoid and hepatitis B vaccine (the geometric mean of the titer: 2,441 IU/l). Bubo-M was duly registered and allowed for industrial production and medical use.

[A system for the mass combined vaccination of the adult population against influenza, viral hepatitis, typhoid, meningitis and diphtheria]. / Sistema massovoi kompleksnoi vaktsinatsii vzroslogo naselennia protiv grippa, virusnogo gepatita, briushnogo tifa, meningita i difterii.

A safe, moderately reactogenic and immunologically effective scheme of complex (combined) immunization against meningitis A, diphtheria, typhoid fever, viral hepatitis A and influenza has been developed as the result of experimental and clinico-immunological studies. Depending on the epidemiological situation, the newly developed scheme can be used in two variants. According to the first variant of this scheme, the following preparations are injected subcutaneously into three different sites: a mixture of group A meningococcal vaccine and diphtheria toxoid, typhoid vaccine and influenza vaccine. The second variant of the scheme differs from its first variant in using intramuscular injection of normal human immunoglobulin instead of injection of influenza vaccine. Moreover, in practical realization these variants may be altered by excluding vaccines, unnecessary under present conditions. The newly developed scheme of vaccinal prophylaxis is recommended for practical use.

[The use of pharmacological screening for characterizing the toxicity of pertussis vaccines]. / Ispol'zovanie farmakologicheskogo skrininga dlia kharakteristiki toksichnosti kokliushnykh vaktsin.

The influence of pertussis preparations, introduced by oral and parenteral routes, on the detoxifying function of the liver and the state of the nervous system of the animals was studied by methods used in pharmacology and toxicology. The use of these methods made it possible to find out side effects produced by corpuscular pertussis vaccine, introduced parenterally, on the detoxifying function of the liver and the state of the nervous system of the animals. The negative influence on the nervous system was more pronounced after the injection of the commercial adsorbed diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine used in this investigation than after the injection of pertussis monovaccine. The oral administration of corpuscular pertussis vaccine exerted no negative influence on the above-mentioned body functions of the animals.

[Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus of children with thymus hyperplasia syndrome]. / O vaktsinatsii protiv difterii i stolbniaka detei s sindromom uvelicheniia vilochkovoi zhelezy.

Inhibition of cellular and humoral immunity was established in children with grade I thymus enlargement syndrome (TES). The most pronounced changes were recorded in children aged 1-5 years. Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus performed before the diagnosis of the TES was made were followed by satisfactory output of anatoxins, indicating the prospectiveness of the vaccination of the given children's group with DPT vaccine and DT- and DT-M-anatoxin.

[Anti-measles humoral immunity in children with thymus hyperplasia]. / Protivokorevoi gumora'lnyi immunitet u detei s uvelichennoi vilochkovoi zhelezoi.

Analysis is made of the data obtained during clinical studies of the vaccinal process in 54 children with grades I-II thymus enlargement, vaccinated against measles. The clinical course of the vaccinal process in these children does not differ from the common course in normal children vaccinated against measles. The children with grades I-II thymus enlargement are capable of producing humoral antiviral immunity and of preserving high titres of antiviral antibodies for a long time.

[Results of a study of the pathogenesis of postvaccinal encephalitis]. / Nekotorye itogi izucheniia patogeneza postvaktsinal'nykh éntsefalitov.

The results of 10-year virological and immunological studies in patients with postvaccination encephalitis (PVE) developing after smallpox vaccination are analysed. Vaccinia virus was isolated from 23 (59%) out of 39 children in the acute stage of PVE and for a long period in the protracted course of the disease in 14 out of 24 from the cerebrospinal fluid in 15 out of 33 from the blood, in 8 out of 24 from the throat and in 4 out of 5 from the brain or spinal cord tissue. Examinations of 56 serum specimens from 36 children with PVE revealed considerable variations in the levels of virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNA): 6 had no VNA, while 10 children showed low titres (10-20). No cases of agammaglobulinemia were observed. Instances of defective immune response were found which was manifested by a delay in increasing levels of IgM and IgG in response to vaccination. Two children were shown to have a defective cellular immunity. It is concluded that vaccinia virus participates in the pathogenesis of PVE; realization of the pathogenic properties of the virus requires the proper conditions, the main of which appears to consist in the immunodeficient state. The analysis of the appurtenance of 342 children to blood groups of the ABO system did not confirm the dependence of the development of postvaccination complications upon the presence in the blood of the vaccinees of the A antigen or immunological advantages of persons having alpha-isoantibodies.

[Advantages of using pharmacologic tests to characterize bacterial vaccines]. / O tselesoobranznosti ispol'zovaniia farmakologicheskikh testov dlia kharakteristiki bakterial'nykh vaktsin.

The possibility of using pharmacological tests to determine side effects produced by adsorbed DPT vaccine and chemical typhoid vaccine was studied. Both vaccines were shown to be capable of prolonging sleep induced by hexenal or thiopental in experimental animals. The following difference in the action of these two preparations was revealed on the model of "chemical convulsions" induced by the injection of thiosemicarbazide: while immunization with DPT vaccine acitivated thiosemicarbazide-induced convulsive syndrome in mice, no such stimulating effect was observed after the injection of typhoid, vaccine. The study of pharmacological effects allowed to evaluate some aspects of the side effects producted by prophylactic preparations.

[Convulsive syndrome activation in mice after administration of ADPT vaccine]. / Aktivatsiia sudorozhnogo sindroma u myshei pri vvedenii AKDS-vaktsiny.

The experimental model of chemical convulsions allowed to establish the fact that the death of mice immunized with adsorbed DPT vaccine was accelerated, in comparison with the control group, as a result of convulsive fits caused by the injection of thiosemicarbazide. Immunization with adsorbed DPT vaccine was also found to induce a qualitative change in convulsive fits. The fact that an increase in convulsive activity occurs in the animals immunized with absorbed DPT vaccine may be related to the appearance of some forms of convulsive states in children during the postvaccination period.