ABSTRACT
SCOPE: The present study was developed to determine the ability of polyphenol-rich black carrot and its by-products, i.e., peel and pomace, to modulate the inflammatory response in tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) treated endothelial cells after gastrointestinal digestion and in a co-culture of intestinal Caco-2 and endothelial EA.hy926 cell model. RESULTS: The results indicated that after 4 h of treatment, the transport of anthocyanins and phenolic acids was higher for digested samples (1.3-7%) compared to the undigested samples (0-3.3%). The transported polyphenols were able to downregulate the secretion of pro-inflammatory markers, i.e. IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1, under normal and tumor necrosis factor α induced inflammatory conditions. The most pronounced protective effects were observed with digested samples under inflammatory conditions, which significantly decreased the secretion of all markers from 120-203% down to 34-144% (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these results show that the polyphenol-rich black carrot absorption products may function through an inhibitory regulation of the inflammatory cascade in endothelial cells.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology , Daucus carota/chemistry , Polyphenols/pharmacology , Caco-2 Cells , Cell Line , Chemokine CCL2/metabolism , Coculture Techniques , Endothelial Cells/drug effects , Humans , Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism , Interleukin-8/metabolism , Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism , Intestines/cytology , Intestines/drug effects , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Polyphenols/pharmacokinetics , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolismABSTRACT
In the present study, the effectiveness of different vegetable proteins (pea protein isolate, soy protein isolate and zein from maize) at two different ratios (1% and 5%) on product yield and physical properties of spray-dried pulpy tomato juice was investigated. Additionally, these proteins were compared with whey protein concentrate which has a superior effect on spray dried products at the same concentrations. Additionally, plain tomato juice was also spray dried for comparison with vegetable proteins. The product yield of the tomato powders dried with the vegetable proteins was lower than with the whey protein concentrate. Among vegetable proteins, the highest product yield was produced with 1% soy protein isolate. In all products, there was a slight colour difference between the reconstituted tomato powders and the raw tomato juice, which indicated that pulpy tomato juice can be spray dried with minor colour change. All powders had unique free-flowing properties estimated as Carr index and Hausner ratio due to their large particles.