Impact of dietary inflammatory index on gingival health.

BACKGROUND: Periodontal disease is a biofilm-dependent chronic inflammatory condition triggered by a host response. Several factors impact systemic inflammation and could lead to changes in disease pathogenesis. Recently, studies have assessed the influence of nutritional patterns on the development of periodontitis. In the present cross-sectional study, we evaluated the dietary inflammatory profile on periodontal conditions, focusing on clinical, subgingival microbial, and cytokine assessment of individuals with periodontal health or gingivitis. METHODS: One hundred patients with periodontal health or gingivitis were included. Plaque index (PI), Bleeding on probing (BoP), the probing depth (PD), and the clinical attachment level (CAL) for each patient were assessed. Nutritional data and the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) were recorded by two 24-h food recalls on non-consecutive days. Biofilm and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) to assess the microbiome profile and inflammatory biomarkers were collected. Multiple regressions focused on the DII, age, and sex as predictors of periodontal conditions were done. RESULTS: Age and moderate DII scores increased the risk of gingivitis by 1.64 and 3.94 times, respectively. Males with an elevated DII score had 27.15 times higher odds of being diagnosed with gingivitis and BoP (ß = 6.54; p = 0.03). Elderly patients with a moderate or high DII score were less prone to gingivitis and increased BoP (p < 0.04) compared with younger subjects. Considering the DII, there were no differences in microbial alpha and beta diversity; however, distinct species abundance and a higher concentration of monocyte-chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin 33 were seen in patients with a higher DII. CONCLUSION: A pro-inflammatory diet significantly contributes to periodontal inflammation, modulating inflammatory biomarkers and affecting the subgingival microbial community in healthy individuals.

Analysis of microbiota profile and nutritional status in male professional football players.

BACKGROUND: The interest in the effect of gut microbiota on athlete health has increased in recent years. Available data indicate a relationship between gut microbiota composition and physical activity, suggesting that changes in the microbiota may contribute to the host's physical performance. Studies show that leaky gut syndrome is highly correlated with upper respiratory infections and gastrointestinal disorders in endurance sports. This study aims to reveal the relationship between microbiota profiles, and the nutritional status of football players who perform endurance exercises. METHODS: Twenty male professional football players playing in one of the Turkish Football Federation Second League clubs participated in the study. Fecal samples were collected and stored at -86 °C, and the fecal microbiota was analyzed through 16s rRNA gene sequencing. The body composition of the football players was measured using a bioelectrical impedance analyzer. In addition, the 3-day food intake of the participants was recorded with the help of a dietitian. RESULTS: In the microbiota of football players, four phyla, 10 genera, and four species with densities above 1% were found. Body fat percentage was observed to be negatively correlated with the species of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Bacteroides vulgatus and the genus of Faecalibacterium (P<0.05). Considering the nutritional status, the fat intake was found to be positively correlated with Actinobacteria and Blautia coccoides; energy and fiber intake with Prevotella and Prevotella copri (P<0.05). In addition, there was a negative correlation between carbohydrate intake and Faecalibacterium (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our study is the first to reveal the microbiota profile of professional Turkish football players. It was found that football players' nutritional status and anthropometric measurements of are significantly related to phylum, genus and species ranks in the microbiota. These results support the bidirectional interaction between microbiota and sports. The relationship between microbiota and sports health/performance is thought to be further clarified with future studies.

The Effect of Adherence to Mediterranean Diet on Disease Activity in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Mediterranean diet, owing to its infla mmati on-mo dulat ory effects, is considered a beneficial dietary regimen for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Despite promising results in the literature, studies on this subject are still limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate adherence to the Mediterranean diet in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and examine its impact on disease activity and quality of life. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 83 patients were included in the study. Mediterranean Diet Adherence Scale was used to evaluate adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Crohn's Disease Activity Index was used to evaluate disease activity in Crohn's disease. Disease activity was determined by using the Mayo Clinic score for ulcerative colitis. Quality of Life Scale Short Form-36 was used to evaluate the quality of life of patients. RESULTS: When the median Mediterranean Diet Adherence Scale score was 7 (1-12), only 18 patients (21.7%) showed strong adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Disease activity scores of patients with ulcerative colitis having low adherence to the Mediterranean diet were found to be higher (P < .05). In addition, some quality of life parameters were relatively higher in patients with ulcerative colitis who showed strong adherence to the Mediterranean diet (P < .05). For Crohn's disease, no significant difference was found in disease activity and quality of life with respect to adherence to the Mediterranean diet (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Stronger adherence to the Mediterranean diet in patients with ulcerative colitis can help improve quality of life and modulate disease activity. However, further prospective studies are needed to investigate the potential use of the Mediterranean diet in inflammatory bowel disease management.

Determination of the relationship between dietary inflammatory index and depression status in female students.

Background: The relationship between diet, inflammation and mental health has been receiving increasing interest. However, limited data are available on the inflammatory role of diet in university students, among whom depression is commonly observed. Aim: The aim of our study is to investigate the relationship between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and depression among female students of nutrition and dietetics department, whom we assume to be conscious about health. Methods: DII scores were determined by averaging the 3-day dietary records. Depression status of the students was determined by using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results: Our study was conducted with 122 female university students. The mean total BDI score of the students in the first tertile (more anti-inflammatory effect) was found significantly lower than those of the students in the second and third tertiles (p = 0.001). In addition, there were no significant difference between the depression scores of the students and their grade level (p = 0.114) and place of residence (p = 0.866). We found a positive association between DII and depressive symptoms (Model 1, B = 0.512, %95 CI: 0.236-0.789, p = 0.000). This relationship was also found when adjusting for age, weight, body mass index, smoking status, and presence of chronic disease (Model 2, B = 0.496, %95 CI: 0.217-0.776, p = 0.006; Model 3, B = 0.493, %95 CI: 0.210-0.777, p = 0.024. Conclusion: Supporting that the inflammatory burden of diet is associated with mental health, our findings are of significance for the development of anti-inflammatory nutritional approaches among students who are prone to depression.

The effect of coconut oil on anthropometric measurements and irisin levels in overweight individuals.

AIM: This study aimed to discover the effects of coconut oil intake and diet therapy on anthropometric measurements, biochemical findings and irisin levels in overweight individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Overweight individuals (n = 44, 19-30 years) without any chronic disease were included. In this randomized controlled crossover study, the participants were divided into two groups (Group 1: 23 people, Group 2: 21 people). In the first phase, Group 1 received diet therapy to lose 0.5-1 kg of weight per week and 20 mL of coconut oil/day, while Group 2 only received diet therapy. In the second phase, Group 1 received diet therapy while Group 2 received diet therapy and 20 mL of coconut oil/day. Anthropometric measurements were taken four times. Irisin was measured four times by enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) method and other biochemical findings were measured twice. Statistical analysis was made on SPSS 20. RESULTS: The irisin level decreased significantly when the participants only took coconut oil (p ≤ 0.05). There was a significant decrease in the participants' body weight, body mass index (BMI) level and body fat percentage (p ≤ 0.01). Insulin, total cholesterol, low density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol, and triglyceride (TG) levels of all participants decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.05). There was no significant difference in irisin level due to body weight loss (p ≤ 0.05); coconut oil provided a significant decrease in irisin level (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION: Diet therapy and weight loss did not have an effect on irisin level, but coconut oil alone was found to reduce irisin level. Coconut oil had no impact on anthropometric and biochemical findings.

The effects of dietary intervention on fibrosis and biochemical parameters in metabolic-associated fatty liver disease.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) affects nearly one quarter of the world's adult population creating large health loads and economic loads in society with no approved pharmacotherapy found yet. The number of studies showing the effect of nutrition on fibrosis accompanying MAFLD are insufficient. This study was planned with the aim of investigating the effect of nutritional treatment on liver injury. METHODS: This research is a prospective, non-medication interventional study completed with 39 participants chosen from MAFLD patients with fibrosis. Post-treatment lasted three months, patients had liver stiffness measurements (LSM), anthropometric measurements and biochemical tests repeated. RESULTS: In pre- and post-treatment, there were statistically significant correlations found between LSM with serum gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) values, and between controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) with Body Mass Index (BMI) and fat mass (P<0.05). Post-treatment, statistically significant improvements were determined in the anthropometric measurements and biochemical findings. Moreover, post-treatment LSM and CAP values showed significant positive correlation compared to pretreatment (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study found dietary interventions have an important place within the scope of fibrosis treatment. Preparation and application of medical nutrition treatment suitable for the clinical features of patients and completing correct lifestyle changes has an ameliorating effect on disease prognosis. There is a need for advanced studies with larger sample groups to further enlighten this topic.

Macro- and micronutrients in metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease: association between advanced fibrosis and high dietary intake of cholesterol/saturated fatty acids.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: There is still no approved pharmacotherapy for metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Although dietary and lifestyle modifications for weight loss remain the mainstay for disease management, the association between macro- and micronutrients and fibrosis stage in patients with MAFLD remains unclear. This study was undertaken to address this issue. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from patients in whom MAFLD was diagnosed with vibration controlled transient elastography. Steatosis was defined by a controlled attenuation parameter ≥238 dB/m, whereas a liver stiffness measurement ≥11 kPa was considered to indicate advanced fibrosis. RESULTS: The study sample consisted of 106 patients with MAFLD (mean age 49 ± 10 years, 52 men and 54 women). Among the different micro- and macronutrients tested, only the dietary intake of cholesterol and saturated fatty acid (SFA) was independently associated with the presence of advanced fibrosis. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that cholesterol/SFA-restricted dietary regimens - as exemplified by the traditional Mediterranean diet - may reduce the risk of advanced fibrosis in patients with MAFLD.

Sustainability of diet-based moderate calorie restriction among obese patients with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease.

Background and Aim: The long-term sustainability of weight loss continues to be a subject of investigation. This study was designed to examine the effects of weight loss and the long-term sustainability of lifestyle modifications among obese patients with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Materials and Methods: A total of 40 patients who were prescribed a hypocaloric diet (~500 calories reduction for each patient), and who were followed up for 12 weeks in 4 face-to-face interviews were enrolled in the study. The patients were contacted at the 36th month, and their current weight was recorded. Results: The mean weight at baseline of 87±13 kg decreased to 79±11 kg after 12 weeks of intervention (p<0.001). The mean weight at the 36th month did not significantly differ from that measured at the baseline (p=0.563). The mean controlled attenuation parameter decreased from 320±13 dB/m to 273±37 dB/m (p<0.001), while the median liver stiffness measurement decreased from 8.7 kPa (3.6-45.7 kPa) to 5.7 kPa (2.2-29.9 kPa) (p<0.001). Conclusion: Strict follow-up through nutritional consultation can help achieve weight loss in obese patients with MAFLD. However, for long-term results, the collaboration of nutritionists and gastroenterologists is essential to prevent weight regain.