Super T2-FLAIR mismatch sign: a prognostic imaging biomarker for non-enhancing astrocytoma, IDH-mutant.

PURPOSE: The T2-FLAIR mismatch sign is a highly specific diagnostic imaging biomarker for astrocytoma, IDH-mutant. However, a definitive prognostic imaging biomarker has yet to be identified. This study investigated imaging prognostic markers, specifically analyzing T2-weighted and FLAIR images of this tumor. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 31 cases of non-enhancing astrocytoma, IDH-mutant treated at our institution, and 30 cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)/The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA). We defined "super T2-FLAIR mismatch sign" as having a significantly strong low signal comparable to cerebrospinal fluid at non-cystic lesions rather than just a pale FLAIR low-signal tumor lesion as in conventional T2-FLAIR mismatch sign. Cysts were defined as having a round or oval shape and were excluded from the criteria for the super T2-FLAIR mismatch sign. We evaluated the presence or absence of the T2-FLAIR mismatch sign and super T2-FLAIR mismatch sign using preoperative MRI and analyzed the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) by log-rank test. RESULTS: The T2-FLAIR mismatch sign was present in 17 cases (55%) in our institution and 9 cases (30%) within the TCGA-LGG dataset without any correlation with PFS or OS. However, the super T2-FLAIR mismatch sign was detected in 8 cases (26%) at our institution and 13 cases (43%) in the TCGA-LGG dataset. At our institution, patients displaying the super T2-FLAIR mismatch sign showed significantly extended PFS (122.7 vs. 35.9 months, p = 0.0491) and OS (not reached vs. 116.7 months, p = 0.0232). Similarly, in the TCGA-LGG dataset, those with the super T2-FLAIR mismatch sign exhibited notably longer OS (not reached vs. 44.0 months, p = 0.0177). CONCLUSION: The super T2-FLAIR mismatch is a promising prognostic imaging biomarker for non-enhancing astrocytoma, IDH-mutant.

Characteristics of radiation-induced brain tumors: case series and systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Radiation therapy (RT) improves the outcome of patients with cancer but introduces the risk of radiation-induced neoplasms in cancer survivors. The most common radiation-induced brain tumors (RIBTs) are gliomas (RIGs), meningiomas (RIMs), and sarcomas (RISs). To investigate the characteristics of these RIBTs, the authors conducted a comprehensive review and analysis of their case series and relevant cases from the literature. METHODS: Sixteen patients in the case series and 941 patients from the literature who previously underwent cranial irradiation were included in this study. The age at irradiation for primary disease was recorded, and the latency period from irradiation to the development of RIBT and the median overall survival (OS) of patients with RIBTs were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Patients were stratified by age at the time of irradiation (pediatric vs nonpediatric) and the irradiation dose (higher vs lower dose), and latency and OS were compared using the log-rank test. RESULTS: Among patients with RIBTs, 23.4% underwent radiation at < 5 years of age, and 46.6% underwent RT in the 1st decade of life. The median ages at cranial irradiation were 8.4 (IQR 4.1-16) years in patients with RIMs, 9 (IQR 5-23) years in patients with RIGs, and 27.7 (IQR 13.8-40) years in patients with RISs. The median latency period from irradiation to the development of RIM was significantly longer than that to the development of RIG and RIS (RIM: 20 years, RIG: 9 years, RIS: 10 years; p < 0.0001). The latency period was shorter in the nonpediatric patient group with RIMs (p = 0.047). The OS was significantly longer in patients with RIMs than in those with RIGs and RISs (RIM: not reached, RIG: 11 months, RIS: 11 months; p < 0.0001). The OS of patients with RIMs and RIGs was significantly shorter in patients who received higher radiation doses (p = 0.0095 and p = 0.0026, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The prognosis was poor and worse for patients with RIGs and RISs than for those with RIMs, and patients with RIBTs who underwent higher-dose irradiation for primary disease had poor prognoses. Because RIBTs develop more than a decade after cranial irradiation, long-term follow-up is crucial.

Residual diffusion-weighted imaging hyperintense signal in primary central nervous system lymphoma can predict early recurrence.

BACKGROUND: The treatment response of primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSLs) is mainly evaluated using postcontrast T1-weighted imaging (T1WI). Because poorly enhanced lesions may contain residual tumors, the combination of evaluation methods will potentially improve the accuracy of determining treatment effectiveness. In this study, we evaluated the usefulness of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in predicting recurrence among patients with PCNSL who achieved complete response (CR)/unconfirmed CR (CRu). METHODS: Fifty-four patients newly diagnosed with PCNSL who were treated at our institution and achieved CR/CRu at the end of treatment were included in this study. The patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of residual DWI hyperintense signal at the tumor site at the end of treatment. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to analyze the median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS: The mean age of the 54 patients was 66.4 ± 13.3 years. The induction therapies were HD-MTX in 20 patients, R-MPV in 29 patients, and other chemotherapies in five patients. Radiotherapy was performed in 35 patients, high-dose cytarabine therapy in 14 patients, and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in one patient, and of the 54 patients, 10 had no consolidation therapy. The residual DWI hyperintense signal sign was observed in 18 patients. The R-MPV regimen was statistically associated with a lower rate of residual DWI hyperintense signal (p = 0.0453). The median PFS was statistically shorter in the residual DWI hyperintense signal group than in the non-residual DWI hyperintense signal group (14.0 months vs. 85.1 months) (p < 0.0001, log-rank test). CONCLUSION: A residual DWI hyperintense signal at the end of treatment was statistically associated with shorter PFS. Among patients who achieved CR/CRu evaluated based on postcontrast T1WI, DWI could be a valuable additional sequence to predict the early recurrence of PCNSL.

Different Risk Factors Between Cerebral Infarction and Symptomatic Cerebral Vasospasm in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE: Cerebral infarction due to cerebral vasospasm (IVS) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is associated with poor outcomes and symptomatic cerebral vasospasm (SVS). However, the difference of risk factors between SVS and IVS was unclear to date. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the risk factors for SVS and IVS based on the registry study. METHODS: The modified World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies scale study comprises 1863 cases. Patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage who underwent radical treatment within 72 hours with a premorbid modified Rankin Scale score 0-2 as the inclusion criteria were retrospectively examined. The risk factors for SVS and IVS were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Among them, 1090 patients who met the inclusion criteria were divided into 2 groups according to SVS and IVS; 273 (25%) patients with SVS and 92 (8.4%) with IVS. Age was not a risk factor for SVS, but for IVS, and Fisher scale was a risk factor for SVS, but not for IVS. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of IVS was not associated with the Fisher scale but with older age, suggesting possible factors other than SVS. Different associated factors between SVS and IVS were confirmed in this study.

Association of the body mass index with poor outcome at discharge in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a registry study.

Although several studies have reported on the impact of the body mass index (BMI) on functional outcome of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), the relationship remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the risk factors of poor outcome of aSAH, with particular attention to BMI. A total of 860 patients with aSAH were enrolled in our registry at Shimane Prefectural Central Hospital between 2000 and 2017, of whom 393 were included in the analysis. Basic patient characteristics, including BMI, and data related to aSAH were recorded. We conducted a univariable analysis, followed by a multivariable analysis to identify the risk factors of poor outcome, defined as a modified Rankin Scale score > 2 at discharge. We also compared our study with previous studies that reported a relationship between BMI and aSAH. Multivariable analysis revealed that age (odds ratio [OR], 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-1.12), underweight (OR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.13-4.90), overweight (OR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.06-4.64), World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies grade (III vs I: OR, 3.10; 95% CI, 1.03-9.35; IV vs I: OR, 8.02; 95% CI, 3.54-18.19; V vs I: OR, 13.37; 95% CI, 5.33-33.54), and symptomatic vasospasm (OR, 3.40; 95% CI, 1.73-6.70) were risk factors for poor outcome at discharge. This study showed the association of underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) and overweight (≥ 25 kg/m2) with poor outcome; therefore, both high and low BMI are associated with a poor outcome at discharge for patients with aSAH. Clinical trial registry: University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN000035160; date of registration: December 6, 2018).

Perioperative Surgical Risks in Patients With Hemangioblastomas: A Retrospective Nationwide Review in Japan.

BACKGROUND: The perioperative risk of sporadic hemangioblastomas (HBs) and von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL)-associated hemangioblastomas (VHL-associated HBs) remains unclear due to the rare prevalence of HB. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify risk factors for better surgical management of patients with HBs. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of surgically treated HB patients registered in the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database of Japan, between 2010 and 2015, was performed. Age, sex, sporadic HBs or VHL-associated HBs, medical history, tumor location, hospital case load, postoperative complications, and Barthel index (BI) deterioration were assessed. We also evaluated the outcomes and factors of perioperative BI deterioration. RESULTS: In total, 676 patients with 609 intracranial lesions, 64 spinal lesions, and 3 with both types were eligible. Among them, 618 and 58 patients had sporadic HBs and VHL-associated HBs, respectively. The rates of perioperative BI deterioration were 12.5% and 12.2% for sporadic HBs and VHL-associated HBs, respectively. Perioperative mortality was 1.8% and 0% for sporadic HBs and VHL-associated HBs, respectively. Male sex, old age, high hospital case load, and medical history of diabetes mellitus were significantly associated with perioperative BI deterioration in all cases and sporadic HBs. Only medical history of diabetes mellitus was a significant risk factor for perioperative BI deterioration in VHL-associated HBs. CONCLUSIONS: No differences in perioperative BI deterioration rates between sporadic HBs and VHL-associated HBs were found. However, different risk factors for perioperative BI deterioration were identified. Consideration of these risk factors is recommended in all patients undergoing surgery for HB.

Factors associated with the location of perivascular space enlargement in middle-aged individuals undergoing brain screening in Japan.

OBJECTIVE: In elderly populations, the enlargement of the perivascular space is related to small vessel disease and the glymphatic system. Enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) in the basal ganglia (EPVS-BG) and EPVS in the centrum semiovale (EPVS-CSO) are associated with different pathophysiological processes. However, the prevalence of EPVS and the factors associated with EPVS location in healthy middle-aged individuals are still unclear. We aimed to determine the prevalence of EPVS and the factors associated with EPVS location among healthy individuals in their 40 s METHODS: This study included 5000 consecutive healthy individuals who underwent screening for brain diseases in Japan from August to December 2018. Of them, the data of individuals in their 40 s were extracted and analyzed. The associations of age, sex, body mass index, smoking and drinking history, and medical history with EPVS location were investigated. Similar analyses were performed for the other age groups. A literature review on the factors associated with EPVS location was also performed. RESULTS: A total of 1720 individuals in their 40 s were finally included. The prevalence of EPVS-BG and EPVS-CSO was 7.7% and 9.2%, respectively. Age (years), smoking history, and hypertension were associated with EPVS-BG; none of the studied factors were found to be associated with EPVS-CSO. In the elderly, the factors previously reported to be associated with EPVS-BG included atherosclerosis change, while the factors associated with EPVS-CSO were cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related formation. CONCLUSION: Both EPVS-BG and EPVS-CSO occurred among healthy individuals in their 40 s, but they did so rarely, and less prevalently than in older age groups. EPVS-BG and EPVS-CSO may represent early imaging signs of the atherosclerotic and cerebral amyloid angiopathy processes, respectively. DATA AVAILABILITY: The anonymized data for this study will be shared upon any qualified investigator's request to the corresponding author. Primary data from this study will be made available upon reasonable request in accordance with the review board of the research institute.

Changes in Short-Term Outcomes After Discharge in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Multicenter, Prospective, Observational Study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to clarify the prevalence of and factors associated with changes in patients' outcomes between discharge and 3 months after the onset of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Additionally, the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) and modified WFNS (mWFNS) scales were compared. METHODS: The data of curatively treated patients with aSAH, collected prospectively in the mWFNS scale study between January 2010 and December 2012, were analyzed retrospectively. The improvement or decline in the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores between discharge and 3 months after onset was determined. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors, such as age and WFNS and mWFNS grades, associated with changes in the outcome. RESULTS: The mRS scores improved in 28.3% and declined in 2.5% of the patients. WFNS and mWFNS grades Ⅱ-V on admission were significantly associated with improved mRS scores at 3 months after onset. Older age (age: 65-74 years vs. age <65 years, odds ratio: 6.59, 95% confidence interval: 1.28-34.01; age ≥75 years vs. age <65 years, odds ratio: 17.67, 95% confidence interval: 2.11-148.26) and WFNS grade III were significantly associated with a decline in mRS scores at 3 months after onset. CONCLUSIONS: The optimal timing for postdischarge assessment of outcomes may be at 3 months after onset, especially in older patients with aSAH. The mWFNS scale is presumed to more accurately assess the outcomes of patients with aSAH than the WFNS scale, as demonstrated in this study.

Atypical, Levetiracetam-induced Hypersensitivity Syndrome Complicated by Fulminant Liver Failure in a Patient Undergoing Hemodialysis.

A 59-year-old man undergoing hemodialysis was administered levetiracetam, after which he developed a systemic rash, high fever, severe liver dysfunction, and leukocytopenia with reactivation of human herpes virus 6. Atypical drug-induced hypersensitivity (DIHS) was diagnosed, and prednisolone was administered at 60 mg/day. However, liver failure rapidly progressed, and the patient died 12 days following treatment. Despite the rarity of DIHS with concomitant fulminant liver failure from levetiracetam and sufficient clearance thereof by hemodialysis, our case suggests that this syndrome may still ensue, resulting in mortality, even in hemodialysis patients. Although no treatment has yet been established, strict monitoring and aggressive treatment may be required.

Hypertension and Advanced Age Increase the Risk of Cognitive Impairment after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Registry-Based Study.

BACKGROUND: As the global population ages, the incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is increasing. Whereas mild TBI can impair the cognitive function of older adults, the cause and background of mild TBI-induced cognitive impairment remain unclear, and the evaluation of risk factors for cognitive impairment after mild TBI remains open for consideration, especially in the aging population. This study aimed to evaluate the risks associated with cognitive impairment following mild TBI. METHODS: Between January 2006 and December 2018, a total of 2209 patients with TBI required hospitalization in Shimane Prefectural Central Hospital. Mild TBI was defined as a Japan Coma Scale ≤10 at admission. Patients' cognitive function was measured with the Hasegawa Dementia Rating Scale-Revised or Mini-Mental State Examination at least twice during the patients' hospital stays. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of each considered risk factor was calculated with multivariable logistic regression analysis after univariate analysis. RESULTS: Among 1674 patients with mild TBI, 172 patients underwent cognitive function examinations, of whom 145 (84.3%) were found to have cognitive impairment at discharge. Significant risk factors for cognitive impairment included age (P = 0.008) and hypertension (P = 0.013) in univariate analysis; and age (OR, 1.04: 95% CI, 1.01-1.07) and hypertension (OR, 5.81: 95% CI, 1.22-27.68) by multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Older patients with hypertension displayed a significantly higher risk for cognitive impairment after even mild TBI. These patients warrant careful management after even mild TBI.

Prevalence and risk factors for brain white matter changes in young and middle-aged participants with Brain Dock (brain screening): a registry database study and literature review.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors for brain white matter changes in normal young and middle-aged participants who underwent Brain Dock (brain screening). We analyzed 5,000 consecutive healthy participants from the Brain Dock registry between August to December 2018. Age, sex, body mass index (BMI), medical history, deep subcortical white matter high intensity (DSWMH), periventricular high intensity (PVH), and enlargement of perivascular space (EPVS) were investigated in relation to age. The prevalence of DSWMH, PVH, and EPVS were 35.3%, 14.0%, and 17.8%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analyses for brain white matter changes were conducted. The significant risk factors in participants aged < 50 years were: age (OR:1.09, 95% CI:1.07-1.12), the female sex (1.29, 1.03-1.60), BMI obesity (1.86, 1.12-3.08), and hypertension (1.67, 1.18-2.35) for DSWMH; age (1.08, 1.04-1.13) and the female sex (1.56, 1.03-2.36) for PVH; and age (1.07, 1.05-1.10) and the female sex (0.77, 0.60-1.00) for EPVS. In conclusion, age was consistently identified as a significant risk factor in young and middle-aged participants. Some risk factors for brain white matter changes were identified even in young and middle-aged participants in this study. Further longitudinal studies should be done in the future.

Development and Validation of Scoring Indication of Surgical Clipping and Endovascular Coiling for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage from the Post Hoc Analysis of Japan Stroke Data Bank.

There are no scoring methods for optimal treatment of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). We developed a scoring model to predict clinical outcomes according to aSAH risk factors using data from the Japan Stroke Data Bank (JSDB). Of 5344 patients initially registered in the JSDB, 3547 met the inclusion criteria. Patients had been diagnosed with aSAH and treated with surgical clipping or endovascular coiling between 1998 and 2013. We performed multivariate logistic regression for poor outcomes at discharge, indicated by a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score >2, and in-hospital mortality for both treatment methods. Based on each risk factor, we developed a scoring model assessing its validity using another dataset of our institution. In the surgical clipping group, scoring criteria for aSAH were age >72 years, history of more than once stroke, World Federation of Neurological Societies (WFNS) grades II-V, aneurysmal size >15 mm, and vertebrobasilar artery (VBA) aneurysm location. In the endovascular coiling group, scoring criteria were age >80 years, history of stroke, WFNS grades III-V, computed tomography (CT) Fisher group 4, and aneurysmal location in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and anterior cerebral artery (ACA). The rates of poor outcome of mRS score >2 in an isolated dataset using these scoring criteria were significantly correlated with our model's scores, so this scoring model was validated. This scoring model can help in the more objective treatment selection in patients with aSAH.

Risk Factor for Poor Outcome in Elderly Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Based on Post Hoc Analysis of the Modified WFNS Scale Study.

OBJECTIVE: There is currently no precise guide for the treatment and management of elderly patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Thus, the aim of this study was to clarify the factors of poor outcome and mortality in elderly patients with aSAH. METHODS: In the modified World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (mWFNS) scale study, 1124 patients were divided into 2 groups, elderly (age ≥65 years) and non-elderly (age <65 years), with aSAH investigated between October 2010 and March 2013 in Japan. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of each risk factor was calculated through multivariate logistic regression analysis for poor outcomes, as indicated by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score ≥3 and mortality at 3 months after onset in each group. RESULTS: Both groups demonstrated that the mWFNS scale was significant as a grade order risk factor for poor outcomes and mortality associated with disease. In the elderly group, risk factors for poor outcomes at 3 months after onset were older age (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.06-1.14), male sex (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.10-3.73), and severe cerebral vasospasm category (OR 10.13, 95% CI 4.30-23.87). Risk factors for mortality at 3 months after onset were older age (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.11) and severe vasospasm category (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.00-4.72). CONCLUSIONS: The mWFNS scale is a useful prognostic predictor for both non-elderly and elderly patients with aSAH. Elderly male patients with aSAH presenting with severe vasospasm should be managed more carefully.

Management of post-puncture bleeding after neurointerventional procedures performed with a large-bore sheath introducer.

Various adjunctive techniques for neurointerventional procedures require a large-bore sheath introducer, but there is concern that this could result in more puncture site hemorrhagic complications despite using a vascular closure device. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between use of large-bore sheath introducer and post-procedural complications. Between January 2016 and April 2018, 126 neurointerventional procedures were performed in our hospital using 8 or 9 Fr sheath introducer in size and the Angio-Seal STS PLUS (St. Jude Medical, Minnetonka, USA). Hemorrhagic complications were defined as obvious swelling or bleeding at the puncture site or as extravascular bleeding detected by ultrasonography or contrast-enhanced computed tomography. The procedures were divided into a group with post-puncture bleeding (group B, n = 21) and a group without bleeding (group N, n = 105). Risk factors were compared between the groups according to the incidence of post-puncture bleeding. In addition, we assessed the outcome and approach to hemostasis in the procedures with bleeding. In result, hemorrhagic complications occurred in 21 procedures (17%), and pseudoaneurysm was detected in 4 procedures (3.2%). In 20 of group B (16%), manual compression was performed for an average of 36.4 min. One patient (0.79%) required surgical angioplasty. Risk factors for bleeding were not significantly different between the two groups. None of the patients with bleeding showed a decrease on the modified Rankin Scale. In conclusion, use of a large-bore sheath introducer may increase the incidence of post-puncture bleeding, but the outcome of this complication is acceptable.

Characteristics of Cerebral Aneurysms in Japan.

The characteristics of cerebral aneurysms in Japan differ from other countries in the higher incidence of unruptured cerebral aneurysm detected by brain check-up screening, higher rupture rate of unruptured cerebral aneurysm, higher incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage, and superior outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage based on meta-analysis. Head shape, genetic features, environmental factors, demographics, and medical system in Japan are also different from other countries. Unruptured cerebral aneurysms are 2.8 times more likely to rupture in Japanese than western aneurysms, resulting in the highest incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage in the world. The exact and specific mechanisms of de novo, growth, and rupture of cerebral aneurysms have not been elucidated. Investigations will contribute to the understanding of cerebral aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage worldwide. Some features of cerebral aneurysm in Japan are discussed for possible research guidance in the elucidation of the predominance of subarachnoid hemorrhage in Japan.

Iron chelation by deferoxamine prevents renal interstitial fibrosis in mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction.

Renal fibrosis plays an important role in the onset and progression of chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Although several mechanisms underlying renal fibrosis and candidate drugs for its treatment have been identified, the effect of iron chelator on renal fibrosis remains unclear. In the present study, we examined the effect of an iron chelator, deferoxamine (DFO), on renal fibrosis in mice with surgically induced unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO). Mice were divided into 4 groups: UUO with vehicle, UUO with DFO, sham with vehicle, and sham with DFO. One week after surgery, augmented renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis and the expression of collagen I, III, and IV increased in mice with UUO; these changes were suppressed by DFO treatment. Similarly, UUO-induced macrophage infiltration of renal interstitial tubules was reduced in UUO mice treated with DFO. UUO-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines and extracellular matrix proteins was abrogated by DFO treatment. DFO inhibited the activation of the transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1)-Smad3 pathway in UUO mice. UUO-induced NADPH oxidase activity and p22(phox) expression were attenuated by DFO. In the kidneys of UUO mice, divalent metal transporter 1, ferroportin, and ferritin expression was higher and transferrin receptor expression was lower than in sham-operated mice. Increased renal iron content was observed in UUO mice, which was reduced by DFO treatment. These results suggest that iron reduction by DFO prevents renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis by regulating TGF-ß-Smad signaling, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses.