Determination of the retinal toxicity of intravitreal colistin in rabbit eyes.

PURPOSE: To determine the possible adverse effects and safe dose range of intravitreal colistin, an antibiotic, after its intravitreal application. METHODS: Twenty eyes of 20 adult male and female New Zealand white rabbits were selected. Various concentrations of colistin were prepared. In each rabbit, 0.1 mL of colistin solution or saline solution was injected intravitreally into the right eye. Electroretinographic recordings were taken before and 2 weeks after injection. Histopathological examination was made using a light microscope following enucleation and fixation procedures. In histopathologic cross-sections, the differences between drug-injected eyes and control eyes were evaluated. RESULTS: Electroretinographic examination showed a decrease of 30% as a significant value in the a and b wave amplitudes of the rabbits that injected 400 µg/0.1 ml and higher concentrations. Histological examination revealed histiocytic infiltration, histiocytic vacuoles, inflammation, and retinal degeneration in rabbit eyes given 400 µg/0.1 ml, 800 µg/0.1 ml, and 1.6 mg/0.1 ml concentrations of colistin. CONCLUSION: Based on our findings, the safe concentration of colistin is 0.2 mg/0.1 ml. Administration of 0.4 mg/0.1 ml was associated with cataract development, electrophysiological depression, and pathological changes in retinal layers.

Comparison of Biomicroscopy and Light Microscopy Findings in Demodex Diagnosis in Patients With Chronic Blepharitis.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to compare the results of biomicroscopic examination and light microscopy in the diagnosis of Demodex infestation in chronic blepharitis cases. METHODS: The study was performed with retrospective data and included patients with chronic blepharitis and who were admitted to the Medipol University Ophthalmology Outpatient Clinic. Biomicroscopic evaluation was performed intentionally under 40x magnification to investigate the presence of Demodex ectoparasites. Three or four pieces of eyelashes were obtained from all cases with epilation technique, and Demodex parasites were examined under ×100 and ×400 magnifications with light microscopy. The presence of one or more Demodex parasites in the examined area under light microscopy was considered to be positive for infestation. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, false-positive rate, false-negative rate, and positive and negative predictive values of biomicroscopic examination compared with those of positive light microscopy. RESULTS: Of the 255 subjects included in the study, 134 (52.5%) were men and 121 (47.5%) were women. The mean age was 43.9±11.9 years. Of the 255 chronic blepharitis cases, 130 (51%) presented Demodex infestation on light microscopy. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, false-positive rate, false-negative rate, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value and were found to be 83.07%, 90.4%, 9.6%, 16.9%, 90%, and 83.7%, respectively, for the biomicroscopic examination. CONCLUSIONS: Careful biomicroscopic examination can be time-efficient and cost-effective, and the need for more advanced and invasive procedures for the identification of Demodex in patients with chronic blepharitis can be reduced.

Comparison of rebound tonometry and non-contact airpuff tonometry to Goldmann applanation tonometry.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the intraocular pressure measurements obtained from healthy subjects with the rebound tonometry, non-contact airpuff tonometry, and Goldmann applanation tonometry in different age groups. METHODS: A total of 180 eyes of 90 healthy subjects were included in the study. According to the subjects' ages, the eyes were categorized into three groups: group 1 (age: 7-17 years), group 2 (age: 18-40 years), and group 3 (age: 41-75 years). Intraocular pressure was measured on each subject always in the same order: rebound tonometry, non-contact airpuff tonometry, and Goldmann applanation tonometry. Central corneal thickness values were obtained using ultrasonic pachymetry. One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and Bland-Altman analysis were used for the statistical assessment. RESULTS: The mean corneal thickness was found to be 604 ± 13 µm, 546 ± 15 µm, and 547 ± 15 µm in group 1, group 2, and group 3, respectively. Non-contact airpuff tonometry was significantly higher than both Goldmann applanation tonometry and rebound tonometry measurements in all groups (p < 0.001, for all). No statistical difference between Goldmann applanation tonometry and rebound tonometry measurements was found in group 1 (p = 0.248), group 2 (p = 0.63), and group 3 (p = 0.126). There was a significant positive correlation in the meaning of intraocular pressure measurements between rebound tonometry and non-contact airpuff tonometry; non-contact airpuff tonometry and Goldmann applanation tonometry; and Goldmann applanation tonometry and rebound tonometry in all groups. CONCLUSION: As a result, without need for topical anesthesia, fast measurement and ease-of-use rebound tonometry is a reliable alternative to Goldmann applanation tonometry in different age groups.

Investigation of Demodex Parasite Existence in Treatment-Resistant Chronic Blepharitis Cases.

OBJECTIVE: Demodex acari is an obligate ectoparasite, and it is usually located in the human hair follicles, eyelash roots, and sebaceous glands. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Demodex infestation in chronic blepharitis cases that are resistant to therapy. METHODS: Patients who were admitted at the Istanbul Medipol University School of Medicine Hospital with a diagnosis of chronic blepharitis were included. All cases received conventional therapy at least three times. Three or four eyelash samples from patients with blepharitis were collected and examined under light microscopy. For the diagnosis, the presence of one or more Demodex parasites at 10× and 40× magnification by a light microscope was considered as positive for infestation. RESULTS: Overall, 153 cases were included in the study. Of the cases, 79 (51.6%) were males and 74 (48.4%) were females. The mean age was 43.1±9.7 years. The presence of D. acari in the follicles of the eyelashes in patients with chronic blepharitis was found in 69 (45.1%) cases. CONCLUSION: D. acari should be considered in patients with chronic blepharitis, especially in treatment-resistant cases. We believe that it would be useful to search for the parasite in patients with blepharitis prior to treatment on a routine basis.

Comparison of Central Corneal Thickness with Ultrasound Pachymetry, Noncontact Specular Microscopy and Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography.

BACKGROUND: To determine the agreement of central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements taken with ultrasonic pachymetry (USP), spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and noncontact specular microscopy (NSM). METHODS: A prospective, observational, cross-sectional study was performed in the outpatient ophthalmology clinic. CCT was measured in a total of 147 eyes of 147 consecutive healthy patients with USP, NSM, and SD-OCT. Same examiner performed all examinations. Bland-Altman plots were used to evaluate the agreement between instruments. RESULTS: The average CCT values obtained by USP, NSM, and SD-OCT were 555 ± 37 µm, 554 ± 34 µm, and 546 ± 34 µm, respectively. There was a strong correlation between instruments: USP with SD-OCT (r = 0.937, p < 0.01), USP with NSM (r = 0.943, p < 0.01) SD-OCT with NSM (r = 0.975, p < 0.01) for CCT. The mean differences (lower/upper limit of agreement) for CCT measurements were -10 ± 12.9 µm (15.28/-35.28) between SD-OCT and USP, -8.1 ± 7.7 µm (7/-23.2) between SD-OCT and NSM, and 1.8 ± 12.3 µm (25.9/-22.3) between USP and NSM. CONCLUSIONS: USP and NSM were found to have comparable CCT measurements and these two methods can be used correspondingly. However, CCT measurements by SD-OCT were lower when compared to other methods.

Dry Eye Assessment in Patients With Vitiligo.

PURPOSE: To evaluate tear osmolarity and tear film parameters in patients with vitiligo. METHODS: A total of 25 eyes of 25 patients with vitiligo with periocular involvement (group 1), 30 eyes of 30 patients with vitiligo without periocular involvement (group 2), and 20 eyes of 20 controls (group 3) were evaluated using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, Schirmer I test, tear film breakup time, scoring of ocular surface fluorescein staining using a modified Oxford scale, and tear osmolarity. RESULTS: Mean tear osmolarity was 332 ± 16.3 mOsm/L in group 1, 308.8 ± 19.5 mOsm/L in group 2, and 286.3 ± 23.4 mOsm/L in group 3 (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in Schirmer I test results among the 3 groups (16.5 ± 3.2 mm in group 1, 16.3 ± 4.7 mm in group 2, and 17.4 ± 4.2 mm in group 3) (P = 0.175). Tear film breakup time measurements in groups 1 (9.8 ± 3.5 seconds) and 2 (10.1 ± 4.3 seconds) were significantly lower than those in group 3 (18.5 ± 4.0 seconds) (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference among the 3 groups on the Oxford scale (0.04 ± 0.70 in group 1, 0.03 ± 0.33 in group 2, and 0.03 ± 0.20 in group 3) (P = 0.865). The mean Ocular Surface Disease Index score was significantly higher in groups 1 and 2 than in group 3 (42.1 ± 16.5 in group 1, 39.9 ± 17.3 in group 2, and 12.3 ± 11.6 in group 3) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that vitiligo is associated with tear hyperosmolarity and tear film dysfunction. Patients with vitiligo with periocular involvement may be more prone to dry eye than those without ocular involvement.

The assessment of macular electrophysiology and macular morphology in patients with vitiligo.

PURPOSE: We aimed to analyze the electrophysiologic function and morphology of macula in vitiligo patients. METHODS: Seventeen patients with vitiligo and 11 healthy subjects were studied. All participants underwent multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) evaluations. The mfERG (P1 mfERG responses central and peripheral) and retinal layer segmentation parameters (nine ETDRS subfields) were compared in vitiligo and control groups. RESULTS: The mean P1 response amplitudes were significantly decreased in central and peripheral rings of the fovea in patients with vitiligo compared with controls (p = 0.002 and p = 0.006, respectively). There was a tendency toward a prolonged mean implicit time for both central and peripheral in patients with vitiligo compared to controls, however, with no statistical significance (p = 0.453 and p = 0.05, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in all retinal layers thickness between two groups. CONCLUSION: In patients with vitiligo, while photoreceptor segment preserved in SD-OCT, mfERG reduced showing potential decline in central retinal function. This study showed a potential decline in central retinal function in patients with vitiligo even if they have normal fundus appearance and SD-OCT findings.

A CASE OF CONE DYSTROPHY ASSOCIATED WITH CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION.

PURPOSE: To report a case of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in a patient with cone dystrophy (CD). METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 20-year-old woman presented with diminished vision in her right eye. Fundus examination showed perifoveal retinal pigment epithelial changes and retinal hemorrhage consistent with subretinal CNV in the right eye, and mild retinal pigment epithelial changes with a dull foveal reflex in the left eye. Optical coherence tomography analysis and fundus fluorescein angiography also confirmed the subfoveal CNV in the right eye. Electroretinography showed decreased amplitudes in photopic and 30-Hz flicker tests in both eyes, which confirmed cone dystrophy. A single intravitreal ranibizumab injection resolved the edema and stabilized the CNV during the follow-up of 6 months. CONCLUSION: Cone dystrophy is an inherited ocular disorder characterized by loss of cone photoreceptors. Association of CNV has been reported in patients with fundus flavimaculatus, best dystrophy, gyrate atrophy, choroideremia, retinitis pigmentosa, adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy, Sorsby macular dystrophy, Bietti crystalline dystrophy, and myotonic dystrophy-related macular dystrophy. We report a case of a patient with CD in whom CNV developed in one eye and responded to a single ranibizumab injection.

The significance of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in idiopathic epiretinal membrane.

PURPOSE: To assess the levels of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in patients with idiopathic epiretinal membrane (iERM) and to compare the NLR results of patients with iERM and healthy controls. METHODS: This retrospective study enrolled 43 patients with iERM and 40 healthy subjects. Complete ophthalmologic examination and complete blood count measurements were performed of all subjects. Complete blood counts were performed within 2 h of blood collection. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in NLR between iERM and control groups (p < 0.01). The receiver operating characteristics analysis revealed that the value of NLR to distinguish patients with iERM and controls was found to be 0.832. The best cutoff value was 1.90, with a sensitivity of 72% and specificity 70%. CONCLUSIONS: Our study for the first time provides evidence that subclinical systemic inflammation may cause or at least accompanies iERM using a novel biomarker NLR.

Dry Eye Assessment in Patients With Vitamin D Deficiency.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate tear film function in patients with vitamin D deficiency. METHODS: In a single center, 60 eyes of 30 patients with vitamin D deficiency (group 1), and 60 eyes of 30 healthy individuals (group 2) were evaluated using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, Schirmer I test, tear break-up time (TBUT), scoring of ocular surface fluorescein staining using a modified Oxford scale, and tear osmolarity. RESULTS: Tear osmolarity values, OSDI, and Oxford scale scores were significantly higher in group 1 (309±9 mOsm/L, 35.78±21.44 and 1.3±0.9, respectively) compared with group 2 (295±10 mOsm/L, 18.69±17.21 and 0.4±0.8, respectively) (P<0.001 for all). Schirmer I test and TBUT results in group 1 (8.5±3.7 mm and 8.7±0.6 sec, respectively) were significantly lower compared with group 2 (16.6±2.4 and 18.1±0.5, respectively) (P<0.001 for all). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that vitamin D deficiency is associated with tear hyperosmolarity and tear film dysfunction. Patients with vitamin D deficiency may be prone to dry eye.

Posterior Polar Central Choroidal Dystrophy: A Case Report.

A 52-year-old male presented with a 25-year history of decreasing vision. Best corrected visual acuity was 0.3 in his right and 0.2 in his left eye. Fundoscopic examination showed bilateral symmetric atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium and choriocapillaris in the posterior polar areas between vascular arcades and surrounding the optic disc. On fluorescein angiography, the large choroidal vessels beneath these affected regions were easily seen. Fundus autofluorescence imaging showed clearly defined hypoautofluorescent areas that corresponded to the aforementioned lesions. Atrophy of the choriocapillaris and outer retinal layer were detected in optical coherence tomography. Photopic and scotopic responses were subnormal in flash electroretinogram (ERG), and responses were also minimal in pattern ERG and multifocal ERG. The patient was diagnosed with posterior polar central choroidal dystrophy. We aimed to present the results of fluorescein angiography, fundus autofluorescence imaging, optical coherence tomography, and electrophysiological tests in this rare case of posterior polar central choroidal dystrophy.

Green laser induced foveal cyst sustained in a recreational laser light show.

We report the case of a 9-year-old boy complained of visual loss in his right eye after watching green laser light show being hit by a ray of a laser at shopping center before five days ago. The laser had a maximum power rating of 30 mW (US Food and Drug Administration class IIIB). Best-corrected visual acuity in his right eye was 0.2 with Snellen at 5 days after the injury. Dilated fundoscopic examination demonstrated a macular hole appearance in the right eye. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT, Spectralis, Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) demonstrates a steep fovea contour, a thickening of the macular edges, intraretinal cysts, disruption of the photoreceptor inner segment/outer segment layer and macular pseudohole formation. Central foveal thickness (515 µm) was increased. Two months after the injury, the patient's visual acuity improved to 0.9 in the right eye without any ocular treatment. Spectral domain OCT revealed the closure of the macular hole with the resolution of the cystic spaces. At 6-months follow-up, visual function had fully recovered and macular assessment was normal.

Tear osmolarity and ocular surface parameters in patients with psoriasis.

PURPOSE:: The aim of this study was to evaluate tear osmolarity, tear film function, and ocular surface changes in patients with psoriasis. METHODS:: At a single center, 30 eyes of 30 patients with psoriasis (group 1) and 30 eyes of 30 healthy individuals (group 2) were evaluated using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, Schirmer I test, tear film break-up time (TBUT) test, scoring of ocular surface fluorescein staining using a modified Oxford scale, and tear osmolarity measurement. RESULTS:: Tear osmolarity values, OSDI, and Oxford scale scores were significantly higher in group 1 (309.8 ± 9.4 mOsm, 38.9 ± 1.1, and 0.7 ± 1.1, respectively) than in group 2 (292.7 ± 7.7 mOsm, 4.2 ± 0.3, and 0.1 ± 0.3, respectively; p<0.01 for all). TBUT was significantly lower in group 1 (8.7 ± 3.6 s) than in group 2 (18.1 ± 2.8 s; p<0.001). No significant differences were detected in Schirmer I test values between the groups (16.2 ± 2.5 mm in group 1 and 16.6 ± 2.3 mm in group 2; p=0.629). CONCLUSIONS:: The results of this study showed that psoriasis may influence tear osmolarity and tear film function. Patients with psoriasis showed tear hyperosmolarity and tear film dysfunction.

The Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome, Its Components, and Dry Eye: A Cross-Sectional Study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate tear osmolarity and tear film function and ocular surface changes in patients with metabolic syndrome. METHODS: 108 eyes of 64 patients with metabolic syndrome (group 1) and 110 eyes of 55 healthy individuals (group 2) were included in this cross-sectional study. All participants were evaluated using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, Schirmer I test, tear film break-up time (TBUT), and tear osmolarity. Main outcome measures were Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, Schirmer I test, tear film break-up time (TBUT), and tear osmolarity values. RESULTS: Tear osmolarity values and OSDI scores were significantly higher in group 1 (314.4 ± 19.1 mOsm and 38.9 ± 1.1, respectively) compared with group 2 (295 ± 14.3 mOsm and 18.69 ± 17.2, respectively) (p = 0.01 for both). The Schirmer test values and TBUT in group 1 (10 ± 3.7 mm and 14.8 ± 3.6 sec, respectively) were significantly lower compared with group 2 (16.8 ± 2.6 mm and 18.1 ± 0.5 sec, respectively) (p < 0.001 for both). There was significant correlation between tear osmolarity versus waist circumference and fasting blood glucose in the study group (r = 0.364, p = 0.04; and r = 0.542, p ≤ 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that metabolic syndrome can influence tear osmolarity and tear film function. Patients with metabolic syndrome showed tear hyperosmolarity and tear film dysfunction.

Tear osmolarity and ocular surface parameters in patients with psoriasis / Parâmetros de osmolaridade lacrimal e da superfície ocular em pacientes com psoríase

ABSTRACT Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate tear osmolarity, tear film function, and ocular surface changes in patients with psoriasis. Methods: At a single center, 30 eyes of 30 patients with psoriasis (group 1) and 30 eyes of 30 healthy individuals (group 2) were evaluated using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, Schirmer I test, tear film break-up time (TBUT) test, scoring of ocular surface fluorescein staining using a modified Oxford scale, and tear osmolarity measurement. Results: Tear osmolarity values, OSDI, and Oxford scale scores were significantly higher in group 1 (309.8 ± 9.4 mOsm, 38.9 ± 1.1, and 0.7 ± 1.1, respectively) than in group 2 (292.7 ± 7.7 mOsm, 4.2 ± 0.3, and 0.1 ± 0.3, respectively; p<0.01 for all). TBUT was significantly lower in group 1 (8.7 ± 3.6 s) than in group 2 (18.1 ± 2.8 s; p<0.001). No significant differences were detected in Schirmer I test values between the groups (16.2 ± 2.5 mm in group 1 and 16.6 ± 2.3 mm in group 2; p=0.629). Conclusions: The results of this study showed that psoriasis may influence tear osmolarity and tear film function. Patients with psoriasis showed tear hyperosmolarity and tear film dysfunction.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a osmolaridade da lágrima, função do filme lacrimal e alterações da superfície ocular em pacientes com psoríase. Método: Em um único centro, 30 olhos de 30 pacientes com psoríase (grupo 1) e 30 olhos de 30 indivíduos saudáveis (grupo 2) foram avaliados pelo questionário do Índice de Doença da Superfície Ocular (OSDI), teste de Schirmer tipo I, tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal (TBUT), coloração por fluoresceína da superfície ocular utilizando a escala de Oxford modificada e osmolaridade lacrimal. Resultados: Os valores de osmolaridade lacrimal, OSDI e escores da escala de Oxford foram significativamente maiores no grupo 1 (309,8 ± 9,4 mOsm, 38,9 ± 1,1 e 0,7 ± 1,1, respectivamente) em comparação com o grupo 2 (292,7 ± 7,7 mOsm, 4,2 ± 0,3 e 0,1 ± 0,3, respectivamente) (p<0,01 para todos). TBUT no grupo 1 (8,7 ± 3,6 s) foi significativamente menor em comparação com o grupo 2 (18,1 ± 2,8 s) (p<0,001). Não foram detectadas diferenças significativas nos valores de teste de Schirmer (16,2 ± 2,5 mm no grupo 1 e 16,6 ± 2,3 mm no grupo 2, p=0,629). Conclusões: Este estudo mostrou que a psoríase pode influenciar osmolaridade lágrima e função do filme lacrimal. Os pacientes com psoríase apresentaram hiperosmolaridade lágrima e disfunção do filme lacrimal.

Efficacy of adjunctive mitomycin C in transcanalicular diode laser dacryocystorhinostomy.

The objective of the study was to compare the success rate of transcanalicular laser dacryocystorhinostomy (TCL-DCR) with or without the use of adjunctive mitomycin C (MMC) in cases with primary nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO). This retrospective study was comprised of 68 patients with uncomplicated primary NLDO. There were two groups in the study: the Group 1 (n = 35) patients underwent TCL-DCR surgery with MMC and the Group 2 (n = 33) patients underwent TCL-DCR surgery without MMC. All patients had bicanalicular silicone tube intubation. The main outcome measures were patent osteotomy as visualized endoscopically and patent nasolacrimal irrigation. The follow-up period was 12 months. All patients had unilateral TCL-DCR with silicone tube intubation. Six months following surgery, the silicone tubes were removed. At the final evaluation, success rates were 80 % in Group 1 and 78.8 % in Group 2. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.52). No complications related to MMC usage were recorded during the study period. Intraoperative use of MMC has no beneficial effect on the success rate in TCL-DCR.

Evaluation of Retinal and Choroidal Thickness in Fuchs' Uveitis Syndrome.

Purpose. We aimed to investigate retinal and choroidal thickness in the eyes of patients with Fuchs' uveitis syndrome (FUS). Methods. Fifteen patients with unilateral FUS and 20 healthy control subjects were enrolled. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (Spectralis HRA+OCT, 870 nm; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) was used to obtain retinal and choroidal thickness measurements. The retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, macular thickness, and choroidal thickness of the eyes with FUS were compared with the unaffected eye and the eyes of healthy control subjects. Results. The mean choroidal thickness at fovea and at each point within the horizontal nasal and temporal quadrants at 500 µm intervals to a distance of 1500 µm from the foveal center was significantly thinner in the affected eye of FUS patients compared with the unaffected eye of FUS patients or the eyes of healthy control subjects. However, there were no significant differences in RNFL or macular thickness between groups. Conclusions. Affected eyes in patients with FUS tend to have thinner choroids as compared to eyes of unaffected fellow eyes and healthy individuals, which might be a result of the chronic inflammation associated with the disease.

Changes in Anterior Chamber Depth after Combined Phacovitrectomy.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate changes in anterior chamber depth (ACD) and postoperative refractive outcomes after combined phacovitrectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 10 eyes of 10 patients that underwent combined phacovitrectomy (study group) and 14 eyes of 14 patients that underwent phacoemulsification surgery (control group) at Istanbul Medipol University Ophthalmology Department. Preoperative and 3-month postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), ACD, change in ACD and refractive outcomes were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Preoperative ACD, postoperative ACD at 3 months and change in ACD were similar between two groups (p=0.403, p=0.886, p=0.841). Postoperative mean refractive outcomes were 0.22±0.51 diopter in the phacovitrectomy group and -0.39±0.53 diopter in the phacoemulsification group (p=0.019). BCVA was increased in both groups (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Postoperative refractive outcomes in eyes that underwent combined phacovitrectomy are different from those in eyes that underwent only phacoemulsification surgery. This is important in determining preoperative intraocular lens power before combined phacovitrectomy.

Tear Osmolarity and Tear Film Parameters in Patients With Ocular Rosacea.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate tear osmolarity and tear film parameters in patients with ocular rosacea. METHODS: In a single center, 25 eyes of 25 patients with ocular rosacea (group 1), 25 eyes of 25 patients with rosacea without ocular involvement (group 2), and 20 eyes of 20 healthy individuals (group 3) were evaluated using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, Schirmer I test, tear film break-up time (TBUT), scoring of ocular surface fluorescein staining using modified Oxford scale, and tear osmolarity. RESULTS: Tear osmolarity values, OSDI and Oxford scale scores were significantly higher in group 1 than in groups 2 and 3 (P<0.001 for all). Schirmer I test and TBUT in group 1 were significantly lower than in groups 2 and 3 (P<0.001 for all). There were no significant differences in OSDI, Schirmer I test, TBUT, Oxford scores, or tear osmolarity between groups 2 and 3 (P=0.629, P=0.175, P=0.713, P=865, and P=0.388, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that ocular rosacea is associated with tear hyperosmolarity and tear film dysfunction.