Incidence of metabolic bone disease in neonates under 32 gestational weeks at the Hospital Universitario de Santander in Colombia. / Incidencia de enfermedad metabólica ósea en neonatos con menos de 32 semanas de gestación en el Hospital Universitario de Santander en Colombia

INTRODUCTION: Metabolic bone disease of premature infants is a rare complication characterized by a lower mineral content in bone tissue. OBJECTIVE: To establish the incidence of metabolic bone disease in premature infants and to determine associated risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHOD: We conducted a descriptive prospective cohort study for one year in all newborns under 32 gestational weeks, or 1,500 g, at the Hospital Universitario de Santander to determine the incidence of metabolic bone disease. We collected demographic data and prenatal histories of the selected patients, and later, we measured serum alkaline phosphatase and serum phosphorus at the third week of birth, having as reference values for diagnosis less than 5.6 mg/dl for the first one and more than 500 UI/L for the second one. We applied statistical tools for data analysis, such as average proportions, dispersion, distribution and association measures, and binomial regression. RESULTS: From a total of 58 patients, 7 had a diagnosis of metabolic bone disease, with an incidence of 12%. The weight was reported as an independent variable for the development of the disease, being significant in children under 1,160 g, as well as prolonged parenteral nutrition for more than 24 days. When performing the multivariate analysis, low weight and short time of parenteral nutrition appeared as risk factors; in the same way, maternal age below 22 years is associated with a higher relative risk, even more than a newborn weight inferior to 1,160 g. CONCLUSION: Establishing an early intervention in patients with metabolic bone disease enhancing risk factors, such as low weight and prolonged parenteral nutrition, is critical to prevent severe complications.

Introducción. La enfermedad metabólica ósea de neonatos prematuros es una complicación poco común que se caracteriza por una disminución del contenido mineral en el hueso. Objetivo. Establecer la incidencia de la enfermedad metabólica ósea en neonatos prematuros y los factores de riesgo asociados. Materiales y métodos. Durante un año, se realizó un estudio prospectivo de cohorte, descriptivo, con todos los neonatos nacidos con menos de 32 semanas de gestación o un peso menor de 1.500 g en el Hospital Universitario de Santander. Se recolectaron datos demográficos y antecedentes prenatales de los pacientes seleccionados. A la tercera semana de nacimiento, se midieron la fosfatasa alcalina y el fósforo sérico, tomando como valores de referencia diagnóstica aquellos inferiores a 5,6 mg/dl para el primero y aquellos mayores de 500 UI/L para la segunda. Para el análisis de la información, se emplearon herramientas estadísticas, como proporciones de promedios, medidas de dispersión, distribución y asociación, y regresión binomial. Resultados. De un total de 58 pacientes, 7 tuvieron diagnóstico de enfermedad metabólica ósea, con una incidencia del 12 %. De las variables estudiadas, el peso se reportó como una variable independiente para el desarrollo de la enfermedad, significativa en aquellos neonatos con peso menor de 1.160 g, al igual que la nutrición parenteral prolongada por más de 24 días. Al hacer el análisis multivariado, La edad materna menor de 22 años representó un riesgo relativo mayor, en comparación con un peso inferior a 1.160 g. Conclusión. Se estableció la importancia de una intervención temprana en pacientes con factores de riesgo para enfermedad metabólica ósea, como bajo peso (menor de 1.160 g) y nutrición parenteral prolongada (mayor de 24 días), con el fin de prevenir complicaciones graves.

[Relationship between gestational obesity and adverse perinatal outcomes: A multicenter study]. / Relación entre obesidad gestacional y desenlaces perinatales adversos: Estudio multicéntrico.

INTRODUCTION: To identify the association between maternal obesity and perinatal adverse outcomes in a population from the Colombian northeast. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Multicenter, prospective, transverse study with patients who consulted and completed their pregnancy at the Clinica Materno Infantil San Luis and Hospital Universitario de Santander, between January 2019 and March 2020. The nutritional status of the patients was classified according to the Rosso-Mardones curve and obese and normal- weight pregnant women were included. The main outcome was prematurity, and the secondary ones were intrauterine growth restriction, large for gestational age, and early neonatal hypoglycemia. The analysis was made in subgroups of pregnant women without comorbidities. The strength of associa tion was estimated through binomial regression (RR), and a confidence interval of 95%, adjusted by maternal age as a confounding variable according to a counterfactual model. A p- < 0.05 value was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: 283 obese pregnant women and 276 normal body mass index pregnant women were included. There was a significant association between maternal obesity and prematurity (RR 2.5; CI95% 1.4-4.2), early neonatal hypoglycemia (RR 7.1; CI95% 2.1-23.7), and large for gestational age (RR 6.6; CI95% 3,3-13,1). These findings were similar in pregnant wo men without maternal hypertension or diabetes. CONCLUSION: Maternal obesity is associated with prematurity, large for gestational age, and early neonatal hypoglycemia; even in patients without maternal hypertension and diabetes.

Epidermolysis bullosa with pyloric atresia: Report of two cases in consecutive siblings / [Epidermólisis ampollosa con atresia pilórica: reporte de dos casos en hermanos consecutivos].

Pyloric atresia is a rare digestive malformation. It represents about 1% of intestinal atresias and is associated with some other genetic or anatomical alteration in 55% of the cases. In 20% of them, it is associated with epidermolysis bullosa, which is described as an established syndrome with a bad prognosis. We present two cases of consecutive siblings with this condition and fatal outcomes in both of them. We made a review of the literature and discussed the main topics.

La atresia pilórica es una malformación digestiva poco frecuente y representa alrededor del 1 % de las atresias intestinales. En el 55 % de los casos, se asocia con alguna otra alteración genética o anatómica, especialmente la epidermólisis ampollosa, que se presenta en el 20 % de ellos, en una asociación que se describe como un síndrome de mal pronóstico. Se presentan dos casos de hermanos consecutivos con esta condición, ambos con un desenlace fatal. Se hizo, además, una revisión de la literatura y se expusieron los puntos más importantes.

Epidermólisis ampollosa con atresia pilórica: reporte de dos casos en hermanos consecutivos / Epidermolysis bullosa with pyloric atresia: Report of two cases in consecutive siblings

Resumen. La atresia pilórica es una malformación digestiva poco frecuente y representa alrededor del 1% de las atresias intestinales. En el 55% de los casos, se asocia con alguna otra alteración genética o anatómica, especialmente la epidermólisis ampollosa, que se presenta en el 20% de ellos, en una asociación que se describe como un síndrome de mal pronóstico. Se presentan dos casos de hermanos consecutivos con esta condición, ambos con un desenlace fatal. Se hizo, además, una revisión de la literatura y se expusieron los puntos más importantes.

Abstract. Pyloric atresia is a rare digestive malformation. It represents about 1% of intestinal atresias and is associated with some other genetic or anatomical alteration in 55% of the cases. In 20% of them, it is associated with epidermolysis bullosa, which is described as an established syndrome with a bad prognosis. We present two cases of consecutive siblings with this condition and fatal outcomes in both of them. We made a review of the literature and discussed the main topics.

Effect of Dietary Magnesium Content on Intestinal Microbiota of Rats.

BACKGROUND: Magnesium is a mineral that modulates several physiological processes. However, its relationship with intestinal microbiota has been scarcely studied. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the role of dietary magnesium content to modulate the intestinal microbiota of Wistar male rats. METHODS: Rats were randomly assigned one of three diets: a control diet (C-Mg; 1000 mg/kg), a low magnesium content diet (L-Mg; 60 mg/kg), and a high magnesium content diet (H-Mg; 6000 mg/kg), for two weeks. After treatment, fecal samples were collected. Microbiota composition was assessed by sequencing the V3-V4 hypervariable region. RESULTS: The C-Mg and L-Mg groups had more diversity than H-Mg group. CF231, SMB53, Dorea, Lactobacillus and Turibacter were enriched in the L-Mg group. In contrast, the phyla Proteobacteria, Parabacteroides, Butyricimonas, and Victivallis were overrepresented in the H-Mg group. PICRUSt analysis indicated that fecal microbiota of the L-Mg group were encoded with an increased abundance of metabolic pathways involving carbohydrate metabolism and butanoate metabolism. CONCLUSION: Dietary magnesium supplementation can result in intestinal dysbiosis development in a situation where there is no magnesium deficiency. Conversely, low dietary magnesium consumption is associated with microbiota with a higher capacity to harvest energy from the diet.

[Nasal CPAP versus mechanical ventilation in 28 to 32-week preterm infants with early surfactant administration]. / Presión positiva continua en la vía aérea comparada con la respiración mecánica asistida en prematuros de 28 a 32 semanas de gestación con administración precoz de surfactante pulmonar.

INTRODUCTION: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is useful in low birth weight infants with respiratory distress, but it is not known if it is a better alternative to mechanical ventilation after early pulmonary surfactant administration. OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence of adverse events in 28 to 32-week newborns with respiratory distress managed with mechanical ventilation or CPAP after early surfactant administration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 176 newborns were treated with CPAP and 147 with mechanical ventilation, all with Apgar scores >3 at five minutes and without apnea. RESULTS: The incidence of CPAP failure was 6.5% (95% CI: 11.3-22.8%); 29 patients died: 7 with CPAP (4.0%) and 22 with mechanical ventilation (15.0%, p<0.001). The relative risk of dying with CPAP versus mechanical ventilation was 0.27 (95% CI: 0.12-0.61), but after adjusting for confounding factors, CPAP use did not imply a higher risk of dying (RR=0.60; 95% CI: 0.29-1.24). Mechanical ventilation fatality rate was 5.70 (95% CI: 3.75-8.66) deaths/1,000 days-patient, while with CPAP it was 1.37 (95% CI: 0.65-2.88, p<0.001). Chronic lung disease incidence was lower with CPAP than with mechanical ventilation (RR=0.71; 95% CI: 0.54-0.96), as were intracranial hemorrhage (RR=0.28, 95% CI: 0.09-0.84) and sepsis (RR=0.67; 95%CI: 0.52-0.86), and it was similar for air leaks (RR=2.51; 95% CI: 0.83-7.61) and necrotizing enterocolitis (RR=1.68, 95% CI: 0.59-4.81). CONCLUSION: CPAP exposure of premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome is protective against chronic lung disease, intraventricular hemorrhage and sepsis compared to mechanical ventilation. No differences were observed regarding air leak syndrome or death.

Síndrome de Reye congénito asociado a varicela materna / Congenital Reye syndrome associated to varicella infection in pregnancy

Introducción: el síndrome de Reye es una encefalopatía aguda asociada a una degeneración grasa del hígado que usualmente es precedida de una infección respiratoria o varicela y tiene una alta prevalencia en niños menores de seis años. Objetivo: reportar un caso clínico de síndrome de Reye congénito asociado a la infección por varicela adquirida de la madre. Presentación de caso: se describen los hallazgos de la autopsia, la respectiva correlación clinicopatológica de un recién nacido de sexo masculino de 37 semanas de gestación, hijo de madre con varicela activa desde cuatro días antes del parto, quien presentó súbitamente palidez generalizada, bradicardia y apnea. Resultados: el examen histopatológico encontró en el citoplasma de los hepatocitos y túbulos renales un compromiso vacuolar que correspondía a grasa. En el cerebro se evidenció severo edema, sin inflamación perivascular o meníngea. Conclusión: corresponde a un caso de síndrome de Reye congénito asociado a varicela materna, que terminó manifestándose clínicamente como muerte súbita. Podría ser la primera publicación de un caso de síndrome de Reye congénito asociado a varicela materna. MÉD.UIS. 2014;27(3):113-121.

Introduction: Reye's syndrome is an acute encephalopathy associated with fatty degeneration of the liver that usually is preceded by a respiratory infection or chickenpox and is highly prevalent in children under 6 years old. Objective: to report a clinical case of congenital Reye's syndrome associated with varicella infection acquired from the mother. Case report: we describe the autopsy findings with the respective clinicopathological correlation of a male newborn of 37 weeks of gestation, son of mother with active varicella from 4 days before birth, who presented sudden paleness, bradycardia and apnea. Results: histopathologic examination found in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and renal tubules a vacuolar commitment that corresponds to fat. The brain showed severe edema without perivascular or meningeal inflammation. Discussion and conclusion: it corresponds a case of congenital Reye's syndrome associated with varicella infection in pregnancy, who finished clinically as sudden death. This could be the first published case of congenital Reye's syndrome associated with varicella infection in pregnancy. MÉD.UIS. 2014;27(3):113-121.

Presión positiva continua en la vía aérea comparada con la respiración mecánica asistida en prematuros de 28 a 32 semanas de gestación con administración precoz de surfactante pulmonar / Nasal CPAP versus mechanical ventilation in 28 to 32-week preterm infants with early surfactant administration

Introducción. La presión positiva continua en la vía aérea ( Continuous Positive Airway Pressure , CPAP) es útil en prematuros de 28 a 32 semanas de gestación con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria, pero no se ha precisado si es mejor que la respiración mecánica asistida después de la administración precoz de surfactante pulmonar. Objetivo. Comparar la incidencia de eventos adversos en prematuros de 28 a 32 semanas de gestación con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria atendidos con surfactante y respiración mecánica asistida o CPAP de burbuja. Materiales y métodos. Se atendieron 147 neonatos con respiración mecánica asistida y 176 con CPAP, ninguno de los cuales presentaba asfixia perinatal o apnea. Resultados. La incidencia de fracaso de la CPAP fue de 6,5 % (IC 95% 11,3-22,8 %). Fallecieron 29 pacientes, 7 de los cuales habían recibido CPAP (4,0 %) y, 22, respiración mecánica asistida (15,0 %; p<0,001). El riesgo relativo (RR) de morir de quienes recibieron CPAP, comparado con el de quienes recibieron respiración mecánica asistida, fue de 0,27 (IC 95% 0,12-0,61), pero, al ajustar por los factores de confusión, el uso de CPAP no implicó mayor riesgo de morir (RR=0,60; IC 95% 0,29-1,24). La letalidad con respiración mecánica asistida fue de 5,70 (IC 95% 3,75-8,66) muertes por 1.000 días-paciente, mientras que con CPAP fue de 1,37 (IC 95% 0,65-2,88; p<0,001). La incidencia de neumopatía crónica fue menor con CPAP (RR=0,71, IC 95% 0,54-0,96), al igual que la de hemorragia cerebral (RR=0,28; IC 95% 0,09-0,84) y la de sepsis (RR=0,67; IC 95% 0,52-0,86), pero fue similar en cuanto a escapes de aire (RR=2,51; IC 95% 0,83-7,61) y enterocolitis necrosante (RR=1,68; IC 95% 0,59-4,81). Conclusión. La incidencia de neumopatía crónica, hemorragia ventricular y sepsis es menor con el uso de CPAP.

Introduction: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is useful in low birth weight infants with respiratory distress, but it is not known if it is a better alternative to mechanical ventilation after early pulmonary surfactant administration. Objective: To compare the incidence of adverse events in 28 to 32-week newborns with respiratory distress managed with mechanical ventilation or CPAP after early surfactant administration. Materials and methods: In total, 176 newborns were treated with CPAP and 147 with mechanical ventilation, all with Apgar scores >3 at five minutes and without apnea. Results: The incidence of CPAP failure was 6.5% (95% CI: 11.3-22.8%); 29 patients died: 7 with CPAP (4.0%) and 22 with mechanical ventilation (15.0%, p<0.001). The relative risk of dying with CPAP versus mechanical ventilation was 0.27 (95% CI: 0.12-0.61), but after adjusting for confounding factors, CPAP use did not imply a higher risk of dying (RR=0.60; 95% CI: 0.29-1.24). Mechanical ventilation fatality rate was 5.70 (95% CI: 3.75-8.66) deaths/1,000 days-patient, while with CPAP it was 1.37 (95% CI: 0.65-2.88, p<0.001). Chronic lung disease incidence was lower with CPAP than with mechanical ventilation (RR=0.71; 95% CI: 0.54-0.96), as were intracranial hemorrhage (RR=0.28, 95% CI: 0.09-0.84) and sepsis (RR=0.67; 95%CI: 0.52-0.86), and it was similar for air leaks (RR=2.51; 95% CI: 0.83-7.61) and necrotizing enterocolitis (RR=1.68, 95% CI: 0.59-4.81). Conclusion: CPAP exposure of premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome is protective against chronic lung disease, intraventricular hemorrhage and sepsis compared to mechanical ventilation. No differences were observed regarding air leak syndrome or death.

Incidencia de enterocolitis necrosante en niños prematuros alimentados precozmente / Necrotizing enterocolitis among preterm newborns with early feeding

Introducción. La enterocolitis necrosante es una catástrofe multifactorial de los recién nacidos,generada por vasoconstricción visceral. Se discute el papel que juega el momento, tipo y velocidad delos incrementos de la vía oral en la patogenia de la entidad. Objetivo. Comparar la incidencia de enterocolitis necrosante y la mortalidad entre prematuros en quienes se inició alimentación entérica a las 48 horas de vida extrauterina, frente a otros en quienesse empezó al quinto día de vida. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un ensayo clínico controlado de 239 neonatos de 750 a 1.500 gramos de peso y de 27 a 32 semanas de edad de gestación, asignados al azar, 135 a alimentación temprana y 104 a alimentación tardía con leche materna o fórmula láctea para prematuros. Se inició con un mililitro cada seis horas, para progresar en intervalos de tres horas y un incremento diario de hasta 20 ml/kg hasta llegar a 150 ml/kg al día, siempre y cuando no se observaran signos o síntomas de intolerancia a la vía oral. Resultados. Se presentaron 14 casos de enterocolitis necrosante en el grupo de alimentación temprana (10,4 %) y nueve (8,7 %) en el de alimentación tardía (RR=1,22; IC95 % 0,49-3,20; p=0,652). Cinco (3,7 %) niños fallecieron en el grupo de alimentación temprana (IC95 % 1,4-8,9) y ocho (7,7 %), en el de alimentación tardía (IC95 % 3,6-15,0), sin que estas diferencias fueran significativas (RR=0,46;IC95 % 0,12-1,60; p=0,182). Conclusión. El iniciar en forma temprana la alimentación entérica en neonatos prematuros no aumenta el riesgo de enterocolitis necrosante ni el de mortalidad y sí representa grandes ventajas para estos pacientes.

Introduction. The development of necrotizing enterocolitis is a common and serious risk to newborns. It is caused by splanchnic bed vasoconstriction that can produce intestinal necrosis. The role of onset time, type and, speed enhancements of The factors of enteral feeding related with necrotizing enterocolitis genesis such as feeding onset, type and frequency are not well understood. Objective. The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis and mortality among infants will be compared in infants whose enteral feeding was initiated 48 hours after birth to those whose feeding began on day5 postpartum. Materials and methods. A controlled clinical trial was conducted among 239 newborns weighing between 750-1,500 g and a gestation age of 27-32 weeks of gestational age. The infants were randomly assigned to two groups--135 to an early feeding regime and 104 to delayed feeding. Breast milk orformula milk was used. Feeding was begun with one ml every six hours, progressing to three hourintervals and 20 ml/kg daily. This was increased to 150 ml/kg-d if the infant condition remained stableand it manifested no oral intolerance. Results. In the early feeding group, 14 (10;4 %) necrotizing enterocolitis cases occurred, and in the late feeding group, 9 (8.7 %) occurred (RR= 1.22, 95 % CI 0.49-3.20, p= 0.65). Five children died in early feeding group (3.7 %, 95% CI 1.4-8.9) and eight in late feeding group (7.7 %, 95 % CI 3.6-15.0, RR=0.46, 95 % CI 0.12-1,60, p= 0.18). Conclusion. Early enteral feeding in preterm newborns does not increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis or mortality among them; however it represents nutritional advantages for these infants.

[Necrotizing enterocolitis among preterm newborns with early feeding]. / Incidencia de enterocolitis necrosante en niños prematuros alimentados precozmente.

INTRODUCTION: The development of necrotizing enterocolitis is a common and serious risk to newborns. It is caused by splanchnic bed vasoconstriction that can produce intestinal necrosis. The role of onset time, type and, speed enhancements of The factors of enteral feeding related with necrotizing enterocolitis genesis such as feeding onset, type and frequency are not well understood. OBJECTIVE: The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis and mortality among infants will be compared in infants whose enteral feeding was initiated 48 hours after birth to those whose feeding began on day 5 postpartum. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A controlled clinical trial was conducted among 239 newborns weighing between 750-1,500 g and a gestation age of 27-32 weeks of gestational age. The infants were randomly assigned to two groups--135 to an early feeding regime and 104 to delayed feeding. Breast milk or formula milk was used. Feeding was begun with one ml every six hours, progressing to three hour intervals and 20 ml/kg daily. This was increased to 150 ml/kg-d if the infant condition remained stable and it manifested no oral intolerance. RESULTS: In the early feeding group, 14 (10;4 %) necrotizing enterocolitis cases occurred, and in the late feeding group, 9 (8.7 %) occurred (RR= 1.22, 95 % CI 0.49-3.20, p= 0.65). Five children died in early feeding group (3.7 %, 95% CI 1.4-8.9) and eight in late feeding group (7.7 %, 95 % CI 3.6-15.0, RR=0.46, 95 % CI 0.12-1,60, p= 0.18). CONCLUSION: Early enteral feeding in preterm newborns does not increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis or mortality among them; however it represents nutritional advantages for these infants.

Very early surfactant without mandatory ventilation in premature infants treated with early continuous positive airway pressure: a randomized, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Chronic lung disease is one of the most frequent and serious complications of premature birth. Because mechanical ventilation is a major risk factor for chronic lung disease, the early application of nasal continuous positive airway pressure has been used as a strategy for avoiding mechanical ventilation in premature infants. Surfactant therapy improves the short-term respiratory status of premature infants, but its use is traditionally limited to infants being mechanically ventilated. Administration of very early surfactant during a brief period of intubation to infants treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure may improve their outcome and further decrease the need for mechanical ventilation. OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to determine if very early surfactant therapy without mandatory ventilation improves outcome and decreases the need for mechanical ventilation when used in very premature infants treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure soon after birth. DESIGN/METHODS: Eight centers in Colombia participated in this randomized, controlled trial. Infants born between 27 and 31 weeks' gestation with evidence of respiratory distress and treated with supplemental oxygen in the delivery room were randomly assigned within the first hour of life to intubation, very early surfactant, extubation, and nasal continuous positive airway pressure (treatment group) or nasal continuous airway pressure alone (control group). The primary outcome was the need for subsequent mechanical ventilation using predefined criteria. RESULTS: From January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2006, 279 infants were randomly assigned, 141 to the treatment group and 138 to the control group. The need for mechanical ventilation was lower in the treatment group (26%) compared with the control group (39%). Air-leak syndrome occurred less frequently in the treatment group (2%) compared with the control group (9%). The percentage of patients receiving surfactant after the first hour of life was also significantly less in the treatment group (12%) compared with the control group (26%). The incidence of chronic lung disease (oxygen treatment at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age) was 49% in the treatment group compared with 59% in the control group. All other outcomes, including mortality, intraventricular hemorrhage, and periventricular leukomalacia were similar between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: In premature infants treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure early after birth, the addition of very early surfactant therapy without mandatory ventilation decreased the need for subsequent mechanical ventilation, decreased the incidence of air-leak syndrome, and seemed to be safe. Reduction in the need for mechanical ventilation is an important outcome when medical resources are limited and may result in less chronic lung disease in both developed and developing countries.