Gota. ¿Qué hay de nuevo, doctor? / Gout. What's up doc?

En las 2décadas de este siglo, se ha desarrollado un amplio conocimiento sobre la gota. Hemos definido la enfermedad, los estados y las situaciones clínicas y cambiado su nomenclatura, así como asentado el concepto de enfermedad por depósito «curable» o «remisible».Conocemos ya su alta prevalencia en España y los factores asociados a la enfermedad, la genética que condiciona mayoritariamente la predisposición a la hiperuricemia y la estructura y las funciones del complejo transportoma implicado en el manejo renal e intestinal del ácido úrico.Las técnicas de imagen han aportado nuevos medios al diagnóstico. Hemos establecido las distintas dianas terapéuticas según la carga de enfermedad y las dianas de prevención secundaria, y aprendido a emplear mejor los medicamentos disponibles, a optimizar su prescripción y a prevenir los acontecimientos adversos.Finalmente, hemos comprendido como mejorar la adherencia, educar e implicar a los pacientes en su tratamiento y a no culpabilizarlos. (AU)

A considerable improvement in the knowledge of gout has taken place in the 2decades of the XXIth century. Definitions of disease, estate, and clinical situations, along with a new nomenclature, have been agreed. More importantly, the concept of gout as a “curable” or “controllable” disease has been settled.We know for the first time its prevalence in Spain. Factors associated to disease, the genetics that condition the predisposition to develop hyperuricemia and the structure and functions of the transportome complex that control the renal and intestinal handling of urate have been examined.Imaging techniques have come to support diagnosis. Different primary therapeutic targets have been defined depending on the burden of disease, and targets for secondary prevention considered. We know how to best prescribe available medications and prevent the risk of adverse events.Finally, we have understood the importance of adherence, education, and empower patients during treatment instead of blaming them. (AU)

Gout. What's up doc? / Gota. ¿Qué hay de nuevo, doctor?

A considerable improvement in the knowledge of gout has taken place in the 2decades of the XXIth century. Definitions of disease, estate, and clinical situations, along with a new nomenclature, have been agreed. More importantly, the concept of gout as a "curable" or "controllable" disease has been settled. We know for the first time its prevalence in Spain. Factors associated to disease, the genetics that condition the predisposition to develop hyperuricemia and the structure and functions of the transportome complex that control the renal and intestinal handling of urate have been examined. Imaging techniques have come to support diagnosis. Different primary therapeutic targets have been defined depending on the burden of disease, and targets for secondary prevention considered. We know how to best prescribe available medications and prevent the risk of adverse events. Finally, we have understood the importance of adherence, education, and empower patients during treatment instead of blaming them.

High Rate of Adherence to Urate-Lowering Treatment in Patients with Gout: Who's to Blame?

INTRODUCTION: Gout is commonly associated with low adherence rates, thus limiting the effectiveness of treatment. Nevertheless, informed and empowered patients may be more likely to achieve high adherence. We intend to demonstrate that adherence in clinical practice may reach that achieved in clinical trials. METHODS: This was a transversal study within an inception cohort of patients with gout prospectively followed up. Patients were informed at entrance in the cohort of outcomes, targets, and means to implement for successful treatment. Adherence was evaluated through electronic medication possession ratio (MPR) for urate-lowering medication and oral medications for hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia for comparison. Factors associated with nonadherence, and the relation between nonadherence and serum urate levels while on treatment were analyzed. RESULTS: Data were retrieved from 336 patients, who showed a mean MPR of 87.5%, with 82.1% of patients showing MPR ≥ 0.8. Rates of adherence for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes were quite similar (88%, 87%, and 83%, respectively), although MPR > 0.8 was significantly lower for oral medications for diabetes. Adherence was lower, but nevertheless quite fair, during the first year of follow-up, and increasing over time. Active follow-up and comorbidity were associated with good adherence, and adherence and long-term follow-up were associated with higher rates of achieving serum urate within therapeutic target. CONCLUSION: Patients with gout show high rates of adherence if empowered. Active follow-up and comorbidity are associated with high rates of adherence. Adherence is strongly associated with higher rates of achievement of therapeutic serum urate target.

New medications in development for the treatment of hyperuricemia of gout.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To update recent developments in medications targeting hyperuricemia, but not including medications recently labelled in the European Union and the United States. RECENT FINDINGS: A new xanthine oxidase inhibitor, Topiloric (Fujiyakuhin Co., Ltd. Japan) Uriadec (Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd. Japan), has been developed and labelled in Japan. An inhibitor of purine nucleoside phosphorylase, Ulodesine, is in development in combination with allopurinol. The rest of the medications in the pipeline for hyperuricemia are targeting renal transporters of uric acid, mainly URAT1 and OAT4, acting as uricosuric agents. Most of them, such as lesinurad and arhalofenate, are being tested in trials in combination with allopurinol and febuxostat. The most potent RDEA3170 is being tested in monotherapy, but also associated with febuxostat. Recently, medications showing dual activity, inhibiting both xanthine oxidoreductase and URAT1, have been communicated or started exploratory clinical trials. There is no report of medications targeting other transporters such as Glut9 or ABCG2. SUMMARY: There are a number of medications in the pipeline targeting hyperuricemia, mostly uricosurics in combination with xanthine oxidase inhibitors, but some targeting both xanthine oxidoreductase and URAT1. Increasing the number of available medications will ensure proper control of hyperuricemia to target serum urate levels in the near future for most, if not all, patients with hyperuricemia.