Effects of Combined Interventions of Exercise and Diet or Exercise and Supplementation on Breast Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review.

This systematic review investigated the effects of exercise interventions combined with diet and/or dietary supplement interventions on anthropometry, body composition, metabolic biomarkers, physical function, healthy lifestyles, quality of life, psychosocial variables and fatigue for women with breast cancer. A systematic search was performed in the PubMed and Web of Science databases (from inception to 1 March 2022). A review was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The methodological quality and the risk of bias of the included studies was assessed with the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. A total of 13 randomised controlled trial studies were included, comprising 1569 breast cancer patients. The main finding of this systematic review is that groups performing interventions combining exercise plus diet show significant improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, body composition, quality of life, fatigue, anxiety, depression and sleep compared to control groups. On the other hand, the use of interventions combining exercise plus supplementation does not result in an improvement compared to groups using exercise alone or supplementation alone.

Effects of Exercise Programs on Psychoemotional and Quality-of-Life Factors in Adult Patients with Cancer and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation or Bone Marrow Transplantation: A Systematic Review.

This review analyzed the effects of an exercise program on psychoemotional and quality-of-life (QoL) factors in adult patients with cancer and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) or bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Studies were identified from the PubMed and Web of Science databases (from inception to 24 August 2022), according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed with the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale, based in turn on the Delphi list. A total of 20 randomized controlled studies were included with 1219 participants. The main result of this systematic review is that exercise program interventions produce improvements on psychoemotional and QoL factors in adult patients with cancer and HSCT or BMT. Moreover, exercise programs may have a beneficial effect on health, maintaining or increasing the patient's QoL. Further, it has a positive effect on the prevention and control of transplant complications in combination with medical treatment.

Case Studies in Physiology: Training adaptation in an elite athlete after breast cancer diagnosis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity to return to competition of a 28-yr-old female 400-m hurdle elite athlete after a diagnosis of breast cancer. The study lasted 14 mo after diagnosis. She was tested four times (T1-T4) to measure body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), percentage of total fat mass (TFM%), total fat-free mass (TFFM%), bone mineral density (BMD), one-repetition maximum (1RM), and maximal power (MP) in bench press and half squat, maximum oxygen uptake, and 400-m dash and hurdles. T0 (baseline time) was established with values before diagnosis. BM and BMI increased from T0 to T1 (5.3% and 5.2%) and remained stable. BMD experienced no change. TFM% values decreased from T1 to T4 (3.5%). TFFM% values increased from T1 to T3 (0.9%). During T1-T2, the athlete presented a global decline from T0 in 1RMSquat, 1RMBench, MPSquat, and MPBench (32.6%, 27.2%, 37.5%, and 27.6%, respectively). Results during T3-T4 were also lower for these parameters from T0 (23.3%, 20.6%, 23.4%, and 11%). During T1-T2, the V̇o2max declined compared with T0 (1.8% and 6.4%), showing a small increase at T3 (+1%) and reaching the lowest level at T4 (9%). During T1-T2, the time record of 400-m dash (8.3%) and hurdles (7.4%) increased. However, a slight improvement was found at T3 (1.3% and 0.6%, respectively). The results of this case study reflect that exercise training improved body composition, maintained BMD and TFFM, but could not completely reverse the worsening of the cardiorespiratory, muscle strength and power, and running performance levels.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This case study follows an elite athlete and measures her performance during cancer treatment. It improves the knowledge on applied physiology showing the details of her training program and demonstrating the strong ability of the athlete to continue training and competing at a high level during antineoplastic treatment. Exercise training improved body composition but failed to restore previous cardiorespiratory, muscle strength and power, and running performance levels.

Effects of Exercise Programs on Physical Factors and Safety in Adult Patients with Cancer and Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Systematic Review.

This study looks at the effects of exercise programs on physical factors and safety in adult patients with cancer and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) or bone marrow transplantation (BMT). A systematic search was performed in the PubMed and Web of Science databases (from inception to 26 August 2021). A review was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed with the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale, based, in turn, on the Delphi list. A total of 25 randomized controlled trials studies were included, comprising 1434 patients. The most significant result of this systematic review is that exercise program interventions are safe and produce positive changes in cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, and the functional mobility-state in adult patients with cancer and HSCT or BMT. Only 3 patients from the 711 participants in the exercise interventions (i.e., 0.42%) reported adverse events related to exercise interventions. Moreover, exercise training programs may have a cardiological and muscular protective effect, as well as a healthy effect on the prevention and control of transplant complications, improving health outcomes.

Effects of an Eight-Week Concurrent Training Program with Different Effort Character over Physical Fitness, Health-Related Quality of Life, and Lipid Profile among Hospital Workers: Preliminary Results.

BACKGROUND: The "effort character" (EC) is a resistance training method without reaching muscle failure. It was defined by González-Badillo and Gorostiaga Ayestarán (2002) as the relationship between the repetitions performed and the repetitions achievable. Then, the EC is at its maximum (i.e., 100%) when the subject realizes all the repetitions possible in a series with any load. Therefore, an EC of 50% indicates execution of 50% of the repetitions achievable in a series. This study aimed to determine the effects of two programs of eight weeks of concurrent training (CT) with different EC over muscle strength (MS), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), functional mobility (FM), health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and lipid profile (LP) among hospital workers. METHODS: Fourteen hospital workers (age: 41.1 ± 10.8 years; body mass: 63.0 ± 10.8 kg; height: 165.2 ± 6.5 cm; body mass index (BMI): 23.0 ± 3.4 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to an EC 50% (n = 7) or EC 100% (n = 7) group. RESULTS: The main finding was that both groups significantly improved in MS and FM levels but not HRQoL, with no statistical differences between EC 50% and EC 100% in adherence and any test despite performing half the volume of the strength workout. CONCLUSIONS: An eight-week CT program with different EC (i.e., EC 50% vs. EC 100%) seems to improve the MS and FM levels in hospital workers similarly. These findings could be very useful in health-training practices because of the possibility of planning training loads with half the volume of strength workouts without the loss of any training adaptation.

Tailored exercise as a protective tool in cardio-oncology rehabilitation: a narrative review / Ejercicio individualizado como herramienta protectora en la rehabilitación cardio-oncológica: revisión narrativa

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of long-term morbidity and death among cancer survivors, after second malignancies. Preventing cancer treatment-induced cardiotoxicity (CTC) constitutes a crucial endpoint in oncology, from oncology treatment implementation. The American Association of Clinical Oncology has recently highlighted the role of physical exercise as an essential component of co-adjuvant cancer treatment and cancer survivor care programs. Exercise training may protect from cardiotoxicity on a molecular and physiological basis. Two major types of training in this field are: cardiovascular and resistance/strength training. Little is known about the effects of these modalities of exercise on CTC. This narrative review aimed to gather evidence and extract conclusions about the effectiveness of exercise training on CTC. To do so, we reviewed scientific literature under a sophisticated approach in line with the PRISMA project guidelines. Studies on physical training exercise effects and cardiac-related measures throughout the cancer stages (cancer treatment and survivorship) were selected. Data collection comprised extracting information of study features, exercise training characteristics and related effects. As a result, 1087 studies were retrieved from database search and 33 studies were selected, comprising 2778 participants. Most of the studies (n = 29) examined the effects of cardiovascular training on CTC. No studies analysed the effects of resistance-based training. We observed a lack of systematic effect of exercise across studies due to the high heterogeneity (e.g., many studies did not follow the guidelines for training interventions in cancer settings). However, studies combining both cardiovascular and resistance components showed promising results. To sum up, higher adherence to clinical guides should be encouraged to implement physical exercise interventions in medical settings and to ensure intervention effectiveness. Moreover, personalized protocols and routines should be implemented in Cardio-Oncology Rehabilitation Units. Finally, it is mandatory to avoid physical inactivity in patients with cancer

La patología cardiovascular es la primera causa de morbilidad y muerte entre los pacientes supervivientes de cáncer, después de segundas neoplasias. La prevención de cardiotoxicidades inducidas por tratamientos oncológicos constituye una meta en la Oncología. La Asociación Americana de la Oncología Clínica recientemente ha destacado la importancia del ejercicio físico como componente coadyuvante esencial en el tratamiento contra el cáncer. El ejercicio físico puede dar protección en la cardiotoxicidad desde un punto de vista molecular y fisiológico. Dos tipos de entrenamiento destacan: entrenamiento cardiovascular y de fuerza. Esta revisión pretende recoger evidencia y extraer conclusiones sobre la efectividad del ejercicio físico ante la cardiotoxicidad. Para ello revisamos la literatura científica bajo criterios PRISMA. Estudios basados en el efecto del ejercicio físico y mediciones cardiacas a lo largo de procesos oncológicos (tratamiento oncológicos y supervivientes) fueron seleccionados. Como resultado, 1087 estudios fueron recuperados y 33 estudios fueron seleccionados, comprendiendo 2778 sujetos. La mayoría de los estudios (n=29) examinaron el efecto del entrenamiento cardiovascular en la cardiotoxicidad. No hubo estudios que analizaran exclusivamente el entrenamiento de Fuerza. Observamos una escasez de efecto sistémico a lo largo debido a la alta heterogeneidad. De cualquier modo, los estudios combinando entrenamiento cardiovascular y de fuerza parecen demostrar resultados prometedores. En resumen, las guías clínicas deberían animar a implementar programas de ejercicio físico en el entorno médico y garantizar intervenciones efectivas. Asimismo, deberían implementarse protocolos individualizados en unidades de Rehabilitación Cardio-Oncológica. Finalmente, resulta imperativo promover el mensaje de evitar la inactividad física en el paciente oncológico

Game Responses During Young Padel Match Play: Age and Sex Comparisons.

García-Benítez, S, Courel-Ibáñez, J, Pérez-Bilbao, T, and Felipe, JL. Game responses during young padel match play: age and sex comparisons. J Strength Cond Res 32(4): 1144-1149, 2018-The purpose of this study was to assess match activity profile and temporal structure in U-16 and U-18 male and female padel players from the 2014 Spanish Youth National Championship. A total of 1,670 rallies from 12 matches were recorded through systematic observation. Variables pertaining to game and point duration, rest interval time, number of strokes per rally (SR), and match total duration were registered. Current findings show that significant influences of age and sex on game demands in youth padel players strengthen the importance of knowing specific game characteristics during formative stages for training accordingly. In particular, padel match activity in youth players was characterized by longer rallies, longer resting interval time, and more number of SR compared with other racket sports, resulting in lower effort index. More specifically, results revealed an increment on match requirements in U-18 players compared with U-16. Besides, we found a greater use of lobs in females, particularly in U-16 players. This information may constitute a useful guide for the design of appropriate game strategies and specific-training sessions according to competitive demands in youth padel players.

Effects of a low volume injury prevention program on the hamstring torque angle relationship.

The effects of a 4-week lower body injury prevention program on knee muscle torque-angle relationship were examined in soccer players. Twenty men were randomly allocated to either a control (n = 10) or training group (n = 10). The training group underwent three training sessions per week, comprising 3 sets of 8 repetitions of one open-chain exercise (Nordic curl) and two closed-chain exercises-forward lunges on a Bosu balance trainer and eccentric single leg dead lifts. Maximal peak knee flexion torque was measured at 35°, 45°, 60°, 80°, 90°, and 100° pre- and post-intervention. Significant improvements were observed only at 80° (p = .001; d = .94) along with a nonsignificant trend at 35° (p = .081; d = .43). As these modifications might protect athletes against muscle and joint injuries, the use of both stable-open and unstable-closed kinetic chain exercises emphasizing eccentric hamstring and knee stabilization actions should be integrated into injury prevention programs in team sports athletes.