Knocking down HMGB1 using dendrimer-delivered siRNA unveils its key role in NMDA-induced autophagy in rat cortical neurons.

PURPOSE: To explore the role of the High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) protein in NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity in rat cortical neurons. METHODS: We knocked down HMGB1 using small-interfering RNA (siRNA) delivered into neurons by means of a dendrimer. We determined autophagy activation by measuring the ratio of light chain 3 protein isoforms (LC3B-I)/LC3B-II and by determining autophagolysosome labeling using the specific marker monodansyl cadaverine. Neuronal toxicity was induced by exposing the neurons to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and it was determined by measuring Lactate dehydrogenase and MTT reduction. RESULTS: We found that NMDA receptor stimulation induced both neuronal death and autophagy in rat cortical neurons. In addition, NMDA also caused HMGB1 translocation from the neuronal nucleus to the cytoplasm where it formed a complex with Beclin1. HMGB1 was efficiently knocked down using a specific siRNA causing a blockade of NMDA-induced autophagy and potentiating NMDA-induced neuronal death. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that HMGB1 plays a relevant role in neuronal autophagy regulation and suggest a protective role of autophagy during excitotoxicity. In addition, the dendrimer that we have used here is a good vector for siRNA delivery to neurons allowing lack-of-function studies.

Inhibition of p42 MAPK using a nonviral vector-delivered siRNA potentiates the anti-tumor effect of metformin in prostate cancer cells.

AIMS: The aim of this work was to study if a G1-polyamidoamine dendrimer/siRNA dendriplex can remove the p42 MAPK protein in prostate cancer cells and to potentiate the anti-tumoral effect of the antidiabetic drug metformin and taxane docetaxel. MATERIAL & METHODS: The dendriplex uptake was studied using flow cytometry analysis. Transfection efficiency was determined by measuring p42 MAPK mRNA and protein levels. Anti-tumoral effects were determined by measuring cellular proliferation and damage. RESULTS: The dendriplex siRNA/G1-polyamidoamine dendrimer decreased both p42 MAPK mRNA and protein levels by more than 80%, which potentiates the anti-tumoral effects of metformin. CONCLUSION: Blockade of the MAPK pathway using a dendrimer-vehiculized siRNA to block the MAPK signaling pathway in prostate cancer cells can potentiate the anti-tumoral activity of anticancer drugs, indicating that the combination of siRNA-mediated blockade of survival signals plus anti-tumoral therapy might be a useful approach for cancer therapy.

Dendrimer-mediated siRNA delivery knocks down Beclin 1 and potentiates NMDA-mediated toxicity in rat cortical neurons.

Autophagy is an important process which plays a key role in cellular homeostasis by degrading cytoplasmic components in the lysosomes, which facilitates recycling. Alterations to normal autophagy have been linked to excitotoxicity, but the mechanisms governing its signal transduction remain unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the role of autophagy in neuronal excitotoxic death by delivering small interfering RNA (siRNA) to rat cortical neurons, using a dendrimer to silence the autophagy-related gene 6 (beclin 1) and to determine the role of autophagy in excitotoxicity. We have found that the dendrimer is very efficient to deliver siRNA to rat cortical neurons, leading to almost complete removal of the target protein Beclin 1. In addition, NMDA increases autophagy markers, such as the protein levels of Beclin 1, the microtubule-associated light chain 3 (LC3) B-II/LC3B-I ratio, and monodansylcadaverine (MDC) labeling in rat cortical neurons. Moreover, NMDA also increases the formation of autophagosomes observed under a transmission electron microscope. Silencing beclin 1 expression blocked NMDA-induced autophagy. Moreover, Beclin 1 removal potentiated NMDA-induced neuronal death indicating that autophagy plays a protective role during excitotoxicity and suggesting that targeting autophagy might be a helpful therapeutic strategy in neurodegenerative diseases.

Atorvastatin reduces high glucose toxicity in rat peritoneal mesothelial cells.

OBJECTIVE: Continuous exposure of the peritoneal membrane to high glucose dialysis solutions can produce functional alterations in this membrane. We studied the toxic effects of high glucose (50 mmol/L and 83 mmol/L) and its reversal by atorvastatin (0.5 - 5 µmol/L) on cultures of rat peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMCs). METHODS: Rat PMCs were harvested from the peritonea of male Sprague-Dawley rats and grown in M199 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. The effects of high glucose (50 mmol/L and 83 mmol/L) on levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), on caspase 3 activity, and on phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the cultures were evaluated. RESULTS: Exposure to high glucose (for 4, 8, and 24 hours) increased intracellular levels of ROS and phospho-p38 MAPK (indices of cellular toxicity). Atorvastatin blocked these toxic effects of high glucose, being more effective against 50 mmol/L glucose (protective effects were observed above 0.5 µmol/L) than against 83 mmol/L (protective effects were observed above 2.5 µmol/L). Atorvastatin was also able to prevent glucose-induced increase in caspase 3 activity. CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows that high glucose may promote oxidative stress and may activate apoptotic pathways in rat PMCs. These toxic effects could be reversed by atorvastatin.