Decision-making and frontoparietal resting-state functional connectivity among impulsive-compulsive diagnoses. Insights from a Bayesian approach.

The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is one of the most widely used paradigms for assessing decision-making. An impairment in this process may be linked to several psychopathological disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), substance abuse disorder (SUD) or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which could make it a good candidate for being consider a transdiagnostic domain. Resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) has been proposed as a promising biomarker of decision-making. In this study, we aimed to identify idiosyncratic decision-making profiles among healthy people and impulsive-compulsive spectrum patients during the IGT, and to investigate the role of frontoparietal network (FPN) rsFC as a possible biomarker of different decision-making patterns. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), rsFC of 114 adults (34 controls; 25 OCD; 41 SUD; 14 ADHD) was obtained. Then, they completed the IGT. Hybrid clustering methods based on individual deck choices yielded three decision-makers subgroups. Cluster 1 (n = 27) showed a long-term advantageous strategy. Cluster 2 (n = 25) presented a maladaptive decision-making strategy. Cluster 3 (n = 62) did not develop a preference for any deck during the task. Interestingly, the proportion of participants in each cluster was not different between diagnostic groups. A Bayesian general linear model showed no credible differences in the IGT performance between diagnostic groups nor credible evidence to support the role of FPN rsFC as a biomarker of decision-making under the IGT context. This study highlights the importance of exploring in depth the behavioral and neurophysiological variables that may drive decision-making in clinical and healthy populations.

Dietary tryptophan depletion alters the faecal bacterial community structure of compulsive drinker rats in schedule-induced polydipsia.

RATIONALE: Compulsive behaviour, present in different psychiatric disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia and drug abuse, is associated with altered levels of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). The gut microbiota regulates tryptophan (TRP) metabolism and may affect global 5-H synthesis in the enteric and central nervous systems, suggesting a possible involvement of gut microbiota in compulsive spectrum disorders. OBJECTIVES: The present study investigated whether chronic TRP depletion by diet alters the faecal bacterial community profiles of compulsive versus non-compulsive rats in schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP). Peripheral plasma 5-HT and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were evaluated. METHODS: Wistar rats were selected as High Drinkers (HD) or Low Drinkers (LD) according to their SIP behaviour and were fed for 14 days with either a TRP-free diet (T-) or a TRP-supplemented diet (T+). The faecal bacterial community structure was investigated with 16S rRNA gene-targeted denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting analysis. RESULTS: Compulsive HD rats showed a lower bacterial diversity than LD rats, irrespectively of the diet. The TRP-depleted HD rats, the only group increasing compulsive licking in SIP, showed a reduction of bacterial evenness and a highly functionally organized community compared with the other groups, indicating that this bacterial community is more fragile to external changes due to the dominance of a low number of species. The chronic TRP depletion by diet effectively reduced peripheral plasma 5-HT levels in both HD and LD rats, while plasma BDNF levels were not altered. CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight the possible implication of reduced microbial diversity in compulsive behaviour and the involvement of the serotonergic system in modulating the gut brain-axis in compulsive spectrum disorders.

Biogeographical patterns of bacterial and archaeal communities from distant hypersaline environments.

Microorganisms are globally distributed but new evidence shows that the microbial structure of their communities can vary due to geographical location and environmental parameters. In this study, 50 samples including brines and sediments from Europe, Spanish-Atlantic and South America were analysed by applying the operational phylogenetic unit (OPU) approach in order to understand whether microbial community structures in hypersaline environments exhibited biogeographical patterns. The fine-tuned identification of approximately 1000 OPUs (almost equivalent to "species") using multivariate analysis revealed regionally distinct taxa compositions. This segregation was more diffuse at the genus level and pointed to a phylogenetic and metabolic redundancy at the higher taxa level, where their different species acquired distinct advantages related to the regional physicochemical idiosyncrasies. The presence of previously undescribed groups was also shown in these environments, such as Parcubacteria, or members of Nanohaloarchaeota in anaerobic hypersaline sediments. Finally, an important OPU overlap was observed between anoxic sediments and their overlaying brines, indicating versatile metabolism for the pelagic organisms.

Frecuentación en urgencias de los neonatos en un área suburbana de Madrid / Neonatal emergency attendance in a suburban area of Madrid

Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia y los motivos de las visitas a urgencias de los neonatos de nuestro centro. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo analítico-descriptivo de los recién nacidos en un hospital de segundo nivel entre junio y agosto de 2014. Se realizó una entrevista personal a los progenitores tras el nacimiento y otra, por vía telefónica, al mes de vida del neonato. Las variables recogidas fueron las siguientes: edad, nacionalidad y nivel de estudios de los padres, número de hijos, sexo, tipo de parto, peso al nacimiento, edad gestacional, tipo de lactancia, alta precoz, distancia al centro de salud de referencia y al hospital, y días de vida en primera valoración en su centro de salud. El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante el programa estadístico SPSS (versión 22). Resultados: Durante el periodo referido nacieron 514 pacientes. Firmaron el consentimiento para el estudio 425 padres, de los cuales 384 completaron la segunda entrevista, lo que constituyó la muestra analizada. Acudió al servicio de urgencias un 24,5% de los pacientes. Los motivos más frecuentes de consulta fueron los siguientes: problemas del cordón umbilical (10,1%), intolerancia digestiva (9,4%), infección respiratoria y problemas de lactancia (ambos 8,6%). El 27,6% requirió algún tipo de prueba complementaria, y el 12,9% precisó ingreso o derivación a un especialista. Las variables relacionadas con el mayor número de visitas a urgencias fueron el hecho de tener menos hijos, haber tenido un parto instrumental y una mayor edad gestacional en el momento del nacimiento. En el resto de variables no se encontraron diferencias significativas. Conclusiones: El 24,5% de los nacidos en nuestro hospital acudió a urgencias durante su primer mes de vida, aunque la mayor parte de los motivos no era urgente. Los factores de riesgo relacionados con el mayor número de visitas a urgencias fueron: menor número de hijos, parto instrumental y mayor edad gestacional (AU)

Objective: To determine the frequency and reasons to visit emergency room in newborns in our centre. Methods: Analytical and descriptive prospective study of neonates born in a secondary hospital from June to August 2014. Data were collected by two interviews: one personal at birth and another, by telephone, at one month of life. The variables studied were: age, nationality and parental education level, number of children, sex, type of delivery, birth weight, gestational age, type of feeding, early discharge, distance to the health centre and referral hospital, and days of life in first assessment in the corresponding health centre. Data analysis was performed using SPSS (version 22). Results: During the period referred 514 patients were born. Informed consent was signed in 425. Of these, 384 completed the second interview, being this the sample final number. 24.5% neonates visited the emergency room. The most common reasons were: umbilical cord problems (10.1%), vomits (9.4%), respiratory infection and breastfeeding problems (both 8.6%). 27.6% of the neonates required some form of complementary test; 12.9% required admission or referral to a specialist. The variables associated with more number of visits to the hospital were: having less children, instrumental deliveries and higher gestational age. No significant differences were found in other variables. Conclusions: 24.5% of the neonates born in our hospital were attended in the emergency room during their first month of life, most of them for no urgent reasons. Risk factors related to an increased number of visits to the hospital were: having less children, instrumental delivery or higher gestational age (AU)

Neumonía y glomerulonefritis aguda en la infancia. ¿Una asociación infrecuente? / Pneumonia and acute glomerulonephritis in the childhood, an unusual association?

Introducción: En el desarrollo de la glomerulonefritis aguda están implicados diferentes patógenos; se ha descrito con poca frecuencia la asociación entre neumonía bacteriana y glomerulonefritis aguda. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de los pacientes ingresados en nuestro hospital entre los años 2005 y 2015 con diagnóstico de glomerulonefritis aguda y neumonía; se excluyeron los que presentaron faringoamigdalitis estreptocócica, infección cutánea o neumonía en el mes previo. Resultados: Tres pacientes presentaron neumonía y glomerulonefritis. Las neumonías fueron lobares e indicativas de infección bacteriana. Las manifestaciones clínicas de glomerulonefritis fueron simultáneas al diagnóstico de neumonía. Los anticuerpos antiestreptolisina (ASLO) se encontraban aumentados en todos los pacientes, y el componente sérico C3 era bajo. Un paciente presentó una bacteriemia por Streptococcus pneumoniae serotipo 33, y otro un antígeno positivo de neumococo en orina. Todos los pacientes desarrollaron un síndrome nefrítico agudo. Se llevó a cabo un tratamiento conservador, con una evolución excelente en todos los casos. El complemento se normalizó en todos ellos. El tiempo medio de ingreso fue de 8 días. Conclusiones: Este estudio aporta nuevas evidencias sobre la asociación entre neumonía y glomerulonefritis aguda. Destaca que la glomerulonefritis es simultánea al cuadro infeccioso. Los ASLO pueden no ser específicos de infección por Streptococcus pyogenes, o bien estos pacientes habían presentado una glomerulonefritis aguda postestreptocócica poco sintomática que se agravó debido a la infección neumocócica (AU)

Introduction: Different pathogens are involved in the develop­ment of acute glomerulonephritis; the association between bacterial pneumonia and acute glomerulonephritis has been rarely reported. Patients and methods: Retrospective study of patients admitted to our hospital from 2005 to 2015 with an acute glomerulonephritis and pneumonia diagnosis, excluding those who had in the previous month either streptococcal pharyngeal infection, skin infection or pneumonia. Results: 3 patients had pneumonia and glomerulonephritis. Pneumonias were lobar and suggestive of bacterial infection. The clinical manifestations of glomerulonephritis and pneumonia were simultaneous. The ASO was high and C3 was low in all patients. A patient presented a bacteremia by Streptococcus pneumoniae and another one, positive urine pneumococcal antigen. All patients developed an acute nephritic syndrome. Its treatment was conservative; the evolution was excellent in all cases. C3 reached a normal value in all of them. The average hospitalization days were 8. Conclusions: Our study provides new evidences about the association between pneumonia and acute glomerulonephritis. It stands out that glomerulonephritis and the infectious process are simultaneous. ASO could not be specific for Streptococcus pyogenes infection, or perhaps these patients had an APSGN oligosymptomatic that was worsened by pneumococcal infection (AU)

Multifocal Tumorous Pseudoangiomatous Stromal Hyperplasia Presenting as Asymmetric Bilateral Breast Enlargement.

PASH is a benign proliferation of stromal myofibroblasts that affects mostly premenopausal women and typically shows estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, allowing speculation regarding a hormonal cause. It usually presents as an incidental finding on a mammogram or as a palpable mass. We present a case of diffuse asymmetrical massive breast enlargement in a premenopausal woman with history of previous multiple PASH excisions for recurrent lesions, caused by multifocal tumorous PASH virtually replacing the breast parenchyma. Immunohistochemistry examination showed no hormone receptor expression. Despite its benign nature, such presentation of PASH is managed with bilateral mastectomy and immediate reconstruction with expanders for cosmetic and comfort reasons, while tumor excision or expectant management is deemed to lead to recurrence and progression. Although a hormonal origin is speculated based on hormone expression studies and typical patient profile, this case showed 0 % estrogen/progesterone expression in the final histology specimen.

Streptococcus pneumoniae skin and soft tissue infections: characterization of causative strains and clinical illness.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is an uncommon cause of skin and soft tissue infections, yet the incidence and clinical significance of its isolation in samples of skin or soft tissues in unselected hospital samples is poorly understood. In the present study, a review was conducted of the records of all patients with skin and soft tissue infections due to S. pneumoniae at a university hospital between January 1994 and December 2005. The isolates were identified by standard methods and were serotyped, and susceptibility testing was performed by the broth microdilution method following the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. During the study period, 3,201 isolates of S. pneumoniae were recovered from several sources. Of these, 69 (2.2%) were from skin and soft tissue samples (69 patients). Complete information could not be obtained for 13 patients. Of the 56 patients remaining, 36 (64.3%) were infected and fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The following types of infections were observed: surgical wound infection (n = 11), burn infection (n = 7), pyomyositis (n = 6), cellulitis (n = 4), perineal or scrotal abscess (n = 3), and other (n = 5). Thirty-one (86%) patients had a favorable outcome, and 5 (13.8%) patients died. Mortality was directly attributable to S. pneumoniae infection in three of the five fatal cases. Of the 39 S. pneumoniae isolates obtained (36 from skin and soft tissues, three from blood cultures), 58.9% were penicillin nonsusceptible, 7.7% were cefotaxime nonsusceptible, and 20.5% were erythromycin resistant. The most frequent serotypes were 3, 19, 11, and 23. Of the overall number of isolates of S. pneumoniae recovered in a general institution, 2.2% involved skin and soft tissues (of which 64% were clinically significant). Mortality due to pneumococcal skin and soft tissue infections was low.

[Malignant oncocytic papilloma. An infrequent type of sinonasal papilloma]. / Papiloma oncocítico malignizado. Una variante infrecuente de papiloma nasosinusal.

Oncocytic scheneiderian papilloma (OSP), or cylindrical cell papilloma, is the less frequent of the three morphologically distinct papillomas occurring in the nose and paranasal sinuses. We report a case of a patient with an OSP and review on the diagnostic and prognostic implications of this type of tumor.

[Our experience with extranodal lymphomas of the ORL region]. / Nuestra experiencia en linfomas extranodales del área ORL.

Head and neck extranodal lymphomas are rare. Waldeyer lymphatic ring is the most common localisation of these lymphomas, followed by oral cavity and parothoid glands. We have done a retrospective study of patients with extranodal lymphomas diagnosed in our hospital between 1991 and 1999. We have included in this study 23 patients, 15 males and 9 females. We have used the REAL classification. All of them have been non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The rhinopharynx has been the most affected region, followed by the palatine tonsils and oral cavity. Most of them were of medium degree and they were in the initial stages. The presentation symptoms varied depending on the localisation. The age, stage and histologic degree were important for the treatment election.

[Multi-dimensional study of the voice in the teaching professionals of La Rioja]. / Estudio multidimensional de la voz en los profesionales de la enseñanza de La Rioja.

The vocal pathology is very frequent among the teaching professionals. We have selected 140 teachers, 70 normals, and 70 with dysphonia. To all of them we have realised a complete voice exploration: aerodyinamic tests, tone and extension of the voice, perceptual evaluation of the voice with the GRBAS scale and also a videolaringostroboscopy to diagnose the teachers. Among the dysphonic teachers there is a poor neumophonologic coordination, a major use or an inadequate use of the respiratory and/or laryngeal musculature. The dysphonic teachers present a more pathological voice in the GRBAS scale than the normal teachers.

[Vocal fold nodules. Risk factors in teachers. A case control study design]. / Nódulos de cuerdas vocales. Factores de riesgo en los docentes. Estudio de casos y controles.

Vocal nodules are structural lesions very common amongst professional voice users such as teachers. We have studied the risk factors that predispose the development of vocal nodules in teachers. Two hundred and forty-two teachers were selected: 120 with vocal nodules and 120 with normal vocal folds. Professional and personal factors as well as classroom environment were studied. A complete evaluation of the voice was performed, aerodynamic measures, tone and extension of the voice, acoustic analysis, perceptual evaluation of the voice as well as a videolaryngostroboscopy which was definitive in the diagnosis. Younger teachers with less years of teaching experience a greater have tendency to develop vocal nodules than the rest. Class-room's dryness, loudness and echo are correlated with the pathological group. The most relevant personal factors in the pathological group were previous vocal pathology, laryngeal surgery, nasal surgery and gastroesophageal reflux. Vocal intensity and vocal frequency ranks were shorter in the pathological group. We could also see that, fonatory flow was less effective in the pathological group.

[An exceptional form of cranio-facial fibrous dysplasia: fibrous dysplasia of middle turbinate]. / Una forma excepcional de displasia fibrosa craneofacial: displasia fibrosa de cornete medio.

Fibrous dysplasia is a rare bone disease that can be misdiagnosed because of the slowness of its symptoms. Although it is a benign disease its clinical behaviour can be severe, with possibility of local growth and malignant degeneration into osteosarcoma. An uncommon case of fibrous dysplasia is reported, affecting only the middle turbinate. Diagnostic and therapeutic problems are discussed.

[Benign sinusal mucor colonization in association with septal deviation]. / Colonización benigna sinusal por mucor asociada a desviación septal.

Mucormycosis is a well recognised opportunistic infection caused by saprophytic fungi of the Mucoraceae family. Usually, the upper aerodigestive tract is the portal of entry. Patients who are debilitated or inmunosuppressed might present with these infections, although sometimes can happen in patients with good health. We present a case of benign mucor colonitation at the sinus maxillary associated a deviated nasal septum.

[Tuberculous chronic otitis media. A clinical case]. / Otitis media crónica tuberculosa. Un caso clínico.

Tuberculous otitis media is a rare cause of chronic suppurative infection of the middle ear and mastoid. Patients typically have chronic tympanic membrane perforation and ear discharge associated with progressive, profound hearing loss, and resistance to antibiotic treatment. Diagnosis is often delayed by a low clinical suspicion, thus leading to complications such as irreversible hearing loss and facial nerve paralysis. Histological examination of a biopsy specimen reveals tuberculous changes. The disease is treated with antituberculosis agents.

[Epidemiological survey of vaccination]. / Encuesta epidemiológica vacunal.

This paper presents the results obtained in an epidemiological survey conducted at Unidad de Pediatría del Hospital General de México, S.S.A., in 1,009 patients, randomly selected. The routine immunization schedule, followed in Mexico during the last few years was investigated. The results are presented for every one of the vaccines, according with the age periods. Considering the group as a whole, the results are significantly low, as far as the recommended standards pretend. It is concluded that it is necessary to strengthen the vaccination program in this country, in order to avoid the possibilities of new breaks of epidemics related with this marked lack of immunization in the community.

[Community in medical education programs of integral general medicine]. / La comunidad en la educación médica en el programa de medicina general integral.

This paper includes the chief considerations about the community work in the Integral General Medicine Program Called Plan A36. General considerations are made abour the four years of trainign program in which the medical student in exposed to be in close contac with the most common medical and health problems in his country, and during this period of time, he becomes capable to develop all the techniques to act as a primary contac physicain.