Online and Face-to-Face Social Networks and Dispositional Affectivity. How to Promote Entrepreneurial Intention in Higher Education Environments to Achieve Disruptive Innovations?

Although entrepreneurial intention has been widely studied using cognitive models, we still lack entrepreneurial vocation and, therefore, lack disruptive innovations. Entrepreneurship scholars have some understanding of the reasons underlying this weakness, although there is much room for improvement in our learning concerning how to promote entrepreneurship among university students, especially in the transformed context of digital technologies. This paper focuses on the early stages of start-up, and in particular seeks to evaluate what role social and psychological factors play in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Drawing on network theory, we consider the impact of social networks on entrepreneurial intention. Specifically, we analyze the influence of two types of social networks: face-to-face and online social networks, with the latter proving especially important in digital transformations. In addition, based on affective congruency theory, we relate affect with entrepreneurial intention. Particularly, we evaluate the influence of positive and negative dispositional affectivity on the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. Finally, since affect and emotions can also be related with social relationships, we analyze whether dispositional affectivities influence entrepreneurial intention through the mediation effect of social networks. Using structural equation modeling, we confirm the impact of both online and face-to-face social networks, as well as positive dispositional affectivity on entrepreneurial intention for 589 higher education students in Spain. However, negative dispositional affectivity is not seen to influence entrepreneurial intention. Furthermore, both face-to-face and online social networks are influenced by positive dispositional affectivity. Moreover, these two types of networks can even partially mediate the relationship between positive dispositional affectivity and entrepreneurial intention. Positive dispositional affectivity can thus influence entrepreneurial intention in two different ways: directly and indirectly through both face-to-face and online social networks. This study provides further insights and adds to the literature on affect, social networks, and entrepreneurial intention. From a broader perspective, we also contribute to the literature on disruptive innovations by explaining how the development of entrepreneurial intentions would have positive consequences for university students vis-à-vis achieving these disruptive innovations.

[Seroprevalence of antinuclear antibodies in blood donors in the Yaqui Valley]. / Seroprevalencia de anticuerpos antinucleares en donadores de sangre del valle del Yaqui.

BACKGROUND: Antinuclear antibodies are immunoglobulins that recognize autologous nuclear and cytoplasmic cellular components. In healthy persons they are not associated with autoimmune disease. However, they may be related to an immune risk phenotype that has not been sufficiently studied. We undertook this study to examine the presence of antinuclear antibodies in serum from blood donors. METHODS: Cross-sectional study on 379 blood donors between 18 and 65 years old. Serum for the presence of antinuclear antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence in HEp-2 cells was analyzed. The prevalence and pattern of expression were compared with age, gender, and history of rheumatic or thyroid disease. RESULTS: Prevalence of antinuclear antibodies in the study population was 13%. Most of the positive subjects were between 21 and 40 years old. Male gender expressed a greater proportion of positivity (11%) than females (2%). Likewise, 82% of males had low titers (1:80) and nucleolar type in 66% of cases (OR = 10.66 [1.83 to 62.18], p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of antinuclear antibodies in healthy individuals at low levels may not mean an autoimmune condition; however, it could reflect exposure to environmental factors that have not been sufficiently studied. New studies of healthy individuals are necessary in order to explain the association between the presence of these antibodies and toxic and environmental factors and their effects on health.

Antecedentes: los anticuerpos antinucleares son inmunoglobulinas que reconocen componentes celulares nucleares y citoplasmáticos autólogos. En personas sanas no se relacionan con alguna enfermedad autoinmune; sin embargo, pueden estar vinculados con un fenotipo inmunológico de riesgo que no ha sido suficientemente estudiado. Objetivo: examinar la existencia de anticuerpos antinucleares en el suero de donadores de sangre. Material y métodos: estudio transversal y analítico en búsqueda de anticuerpos antinucleares en suero mediante inmunofluorescencia indirecta en células HEp-2. La prevalencia y patrón de expresión se contrastaron con la edad, el género y los antecedentes de enfermedad reumática o tiroidea. Resultados: se estudiaron 379 donadores de sangre con límites de edad entre 18 y 65 años. La prevalencia de anticuerpos antinucleares en la población estudiada fue de 13%. La mayoría de los sujetos positivos tenía entre 21 y 40 años de edad. El género masculino expresó mayor proporción de positividad (11%) en comparación con las mujeres (2%). De la misma forma, 82% de los hombres tenía títulos bajos (1:80) y en 66% eran de tipo nucleolar (RM = 10.66 [1.83 a 62.18]; p = 0.007). Conclusiones: en individuos sanos, la existencia de anticuerpos antinucleares a títulos bajos puede no significar un estado de autoinmunidad; sin embargo, podría ser el reflejo de una exposición a factores ambientales que no han sido lo suficientemente estudiados. Es necesario realizar nuevos estudios en población sana que permitan explicar la asociación entre estos anticuerpos y los factores tóxicoambientales, así como sus efectos en la salud.