ABSTRACT
In this study, we explore how to use household expenditures and income surveys (HEIS) to provide replicable and comparable measures of nutrients availability at the population level. Our method formalizes the common practice in the literature and consists of three steps: identification of relevant food categories, pairing of food contents food groups in HEIS data, and calculation of the typical amount of nutrients by food group. We illustrate the usage of the method with Mexican data and provide a publicly available data set to readily convert food purchases into six nutrients: calories, proteins, vitamins A and C, iron, and zinc. We perform a descriptive analysis of the evolution of nutrients intake among Mexican households between 2008 and 2020, considering differences by income level. Our results reflect the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on nutrient availability in Mexican households, mainly driven by a substantial reduction in the expenditure in food consumed away from home, although for most nutrients the trend was stable over most of the period.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Health Expenditures , COVID-19/epidemiology , Humans , Mexico , Pandemics , VitaminsABSTRACT
No disponible.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Anxiety Disorders , Humans , Mexico , Pandemics , PrevalenceABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has been associated with negative results in patients with A blood group and with a better evolution in O blood group individuals. AIM: Because the evidence regarding ABO blood groups and COVID was empirically not that clear in our country, we tested the association regarding COVID-19 and blood groups. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Adult patients were enrolled in this prospective, case-control, observational multicenter study. Patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 were assigned to one of three groups based on the clinical presentation of the infection. Age, gender, ABO and Rh blood groups, body mass index, history of diabetes mellitus or high blood pressure, and smoking were recorded directly or from their clinical charts. ABO blood group was obtained from 5,000 blood donors (50% each gender). Atherothrombotic variables were compared with a nation-wide data collection. RESULTS: A total of 2,416 patients with COVID-19 were included (women:39.6%; men:60.4%). There were no significant differences between cases and controls in terms of age. O blood group was the most frequently found in healthy donors and COVID-19 patients, but this blood group was significantly higher in COVID-19 patients vs. healthy donors. ABO blood group was not associated with the final health status in COVID-19 patients. Obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and smoking were significantly more frequent among COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSION: The proposed protective effect of the O blood group in COVID-19 patients could not be reproduced in the Mexican population while some atherothrombotic risk factors had a significant effect on the clinical evolution.
Subject(s)
ABO Blood-Group System , COVID-19 , Adult , Case-Control Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Prospective Studies , Retrospective Studies , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
Resumen: Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de ansiedad generalizada (GAD, por sus siglas en inglés) entre abril y junio de 2020. Material y métodos: Diseño transversal repetido basado en la Encovid-19, una serie de encuestas telefónicas mensuales con muestras representativas de México (N= 833-1 674). El cuestionario incluye la escala GAD-2 y en julio se añadió la GAD-7; se examinó su validez interna con análisis factorial confirmatorio y su validez concurrente con variables sociodemográficas. Con la GAD-7 como criterio, se calculó la validez predictiva de la GAD-2. Se estimó la prevalencia mensual con la GAD-2. Resultados: La GAD-7 y la GAD-2 son confiables y válidas. La GAD-2 tiene una sensibilidad de 0.87 y una especificidad de 0.90. La prevalencia mensual se mantuvo alta y estable, entre 30.7 y 32.6%. El GAD se concentró en mujeres, personas desocupadas y de bajo nivel socioeconómico. Conclusiones: El GAD es un problema de salud pública que se agravó con la pandemia por Covid-19.
Abstract: Objective: Estimate the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) from April to June 2020. Materials and methods: Repeated cross-sections design based in the Encovid-19, a series of monthly mobile surveys with representative samples of Mexico (N= 833-1 674). The questionnaire includes the GAD-2 scale, and, in July, the GAD-7 scale was added; we examined its internal validity with confirmatory factor analysis and its concurrent validity with sociodemographic variables. Using GAD-7 as criterion, we analyzed the predictive validity of the GAD-2. We estimated the monthly prevalence with the GAD-2. Results: The GAD-7 and the GAD-2 are reliable and valid. The GAD-2 has a sensitivity of 0.87 and a specificity of 0.90. The monthly prevalence remains high and stable, between 30.7 and 32.6%. GAD concentrated in women, unemployed and persons with low socioeconomic status. Conclusions: GAD is a public health problem that worsened during the Covid-19 pandemic.
ABSTRACT
Objective. Estimate the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) from April to June 2020. Materials and methods. Repeated cross-sections design based in the Encovid-19, a series of monthly mobile surveys with representative samples of Mexico (N= 833-1 674). The questionnaire includes the GAD-2 scale, and, in July, the GAD-7 scale was added; we examined its internal validity with confirmatory factor analysis and its concurrent validity with sociodemographic variables. Using GAD-7 as criterion, we analyzed the predictive validity of the GAD-2. We estimated the monthly prevalence with the GAD-2. Results. The GAD-7 and the GAD-2 are reliable and valid. The GAD-2 has a sensitivity of 0.87 and a specificity of 0.90. The monthly prevalence remains high and stable, between 30.7 and 32.6%. GAD concentrated in women, unemployed and persons with low socioeconomic status. Conclusions. GAD is a public health problem that worsened during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Pandemics , Anxiety , Anxiety Disorders/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Mexico/epidemiology , Prevalence , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
Se analiza la investigación de rabia en muerciélagos en la provicia de Ciego de Avila, Cuba, en el período de 1987 a 1992. Se estudiaron 2987 muestras por el laboratorio nacional de referencia de la República de Cuba, realizándose a cada caso las técnicas de coloración en busca de los corpúsculos de negri, anticuerpos fluorescentes y prueba biológica. Se confirmaron 3 casos en la etapa para el 0.1 porciento de positividad. Se describen los tres casos notificados en murciélagos. (AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Chiroptera , Rabies , CubaABSTRACT
Se analizan las peronas lesionadas por animales, las tasas de riesgo por municipios en el perído 1981-1998, se desglosan las personas lesionasas por las diferentes especies. Se analiza la observación y la aplicación de los tratamietnos antirrábicos. (AU)
