Valoración del impacto del pH urinario en la elección de los antibióticos. Una revisión sistemática / Urinary pH and antibiotics, choose carefully. a systematic review

La infección urinaria no complicada es la infección bacteriana más frecuente en las mujeres. Desde 1948 se conoce la relación entre el pH urinario y los antibióticos. Nos propusimos buscar el pH urinario más apropiado para cada familia de antibióticos y evaluar si el pH modifica la sensibilidad bacteriana frente a estos. Se incluyeron ensayos in vitro y estudios in vivo que incluían una o más especies bacterianas y se analizó el efecto de uno o más antibióticos a diferentes valores de pH. También se incluyeron ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorizados en infección urinaria no complicada (con la definición de las directrices de la EAU de 2019), eligiendo los antibióticos en función del pH urinario o utilizando un antibiótico con modificadores del pH urinario (L-metionina, vitamina C, etc.) frente a un antibiótico y un placebo. Se utilizó la herramienta Quadas-2 para evaluar la calidad de los estudios y el conjunto de ítems comprendidos en la declaración PRISMA para las revisiones sistemáticas. Dos autores revisaron y evaluaron los trabajos de forma independiente, y otros dos autores repitieron la búsqueda individualmente. Un quinto investigador actuó como árbitro, y otro autor colaboró como consultor farmacéutico hospitalario. Los antibióticos cuya actividad es favorecida en medios alcalinos son la mayoría de las fluoroquinolonas, los aminoglucósidos y la trimetoprima. Los antibióticos cuya actividad es favorecida en medios ácidos son la fosfomicina, la tetraciclina, la nitrofurantoína y algunos β-lactámicos. Se sugiere realizar urocultivos con antibiograma, tanto en medios ácidos como alcalinos, para definir el perfil de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana. No hay pruebas suficientes de estudios in vivo que respalden la elección de un antibiótico en función del pH urinario del paciente o el uso de modificadores del pH urinario para obtener tasas más altas de curación (AU)

Uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common bacterial infection in women. Since 1948, the relationship between urinary pH and antibiotics has been established. We aimed to search for the best urinary pH for each family of antibiotics and to assess whether pH changes bacterial susceptibility to them. We included in vitro research and in vivo studies including one or more bacterial species and tested the effect of one or more antibiotics at different pH values. We also included randomized controlled clinical trials in uncomplicated UTI (EAU guidelines 2019 definition), choosing the antibiotics based on urinary pH or using an antibiotic plus urinary pH modifiers (L-methionine, vitamin C...) vs an antibiotic and a placebo. Quadas-2 tool was used as a quality assessment of the studies and PRISMA set of items for systematic reviews. Two authors independently screened and evaluated the papers, while two additional authors individually repeated the search. A fifth researcher acted as an arbiter, and another author collaborated as a hospital pharmaceutical consultant. Alkaline-friendly antibiotics are most fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, trimethoprim. Acidic-friendly antibiotics are fosfomycin, tetracycline, nitrofurantoin and some β-lactams. We suggest performing urine cultures with antibiogram tests, in both acidic and alkaline media, to define the bacterial susceptibility profile. There is insufficient in vivo evidence to support whether choosing an antibiotic based on a patient's urinary pH or adding urinary pH modifiers will lead to a higher cure rate (AU)

Urinary pH and antibiotics, choose carefully. A systematic review.

Uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common bacterial infection in women. Since 1948, the relationship between urinary pH and antibiotics (ABs) has been established. We aimed to search for the best urinary pH for each family of antibiotics and to assess whether pH changes bacterial susceptibility to them. We included in vitro research and in vivo studies including one or more bacterial species and tested the effect of one or more ABs at different pH values. We also included randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) in uncomplicated UTI (EAU guidelines 2019 definition), choosing the ABs based on urinary pH or using an antibiotic plus urinary pH modifiers (L-methionine, vitamin C…) vs. an antibiotic and a placebo. Quadas-2 tool was used as a quality assessment of the studies and PRISMA set of items for systematic reviews. Two authors independently screened and evaluated the papers, while two additional authors individually repeated the search. A fifth researcher acted as an arbiter, and another author collaborated as a hospital pharmaceutical consultant. Alkaline-friendly antibiotics are most fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, trimethoprim. Acidic-friendly antibiotics are fosfomycin, tetracycline, nitrofurantoin and some ß-lactams. We suggest performing urine cultures with antibiogram tests, in both acidic and alkaline media, to define the bacterial susceptibility profile. There is insufficient in vivo evidence to support whether choosing an antibiotic based on a patient's urinary pH or adding urinary pH modifiers will lead to a higher cure rate.

Dolor postoperatorio y resultados cosméticos de la nefrectomía minilaparoscópica frente a la técnica convencional / Postoperative pain and cosmetic results of minilaparoscopic nephrectomy compared to the conventional technique

Introducción: En los últimos años la urología se ha orientado a formas menos invasivas de laparoscopia con un menor impacto en la pared abdominal. Entre ellas ha surgido de una forma prometedora la minilaparoscopia (ML). Nuestro objetivo es comparar los resultados de una serie de pacientes intervenidos de nefrectomía minilaparoscópica y otra mediante laparoscopia convencional (LC). Material y métodos: Seleccionamos en un único hospital 8 nefrectomías realizadas por minilaparoscopia (grupo NmL) de un total de 110 pacientes incluidos en múltiples centros y las comparamos retrospectivamente con una serie contemporánea de 16 pacientes intervenidos por LC (grupo NL). Se emplearon de 1 a 3 trocares de 3 mm y de 5 mm para la NmL y NL, respectivamente, un trocar de 10 mm en el borde pararrectal de una incisión de Pfannenstiel y otro de 11mm paraumbilical para la óptica. Se recogieron la edad, el IMC, el ASA, las complicaciones, los requerimientos analgésicos en el postoperatorio y la satisfacción cosmética mediante el Patient Scar Assessment Questionnaire (PSAQ) al mes de la intervención. Resultados: Ambos grupos fueron comparables y no presentaron diferencias en cuanto al tiempo quirúrgico, número de puertos empleados, estancia hospitalaria y complicaciones intra y postoperatorias. Solo en un paciente del grupo NmL un trocar de 3mm requirió ser substituido por otro de 5mm y un paciente del grupo NL fue convertido a cirugía mano-asistida por intensas adherencias. Los pacientes del grupo NmL presentaron menos dolor postoperatorio en la escala EVA (± 0 vs. 4 ± 25, p = 0,05) y mejor satisfacción en la apariencia en el PSAQ (8,5 ± 1,4 vs. 16,6 ± 3,1, p = 0,05) respecto al grupo NL. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos con el instrumental de ML fueron semejantes a los obtenidos por LC, pero con las ventajas de un menor dolor postoperatorio y mejores resultados cosméticos

Introduction: In recent years urology has been focussing on less invasive forms of laparoscopy with less impact on the abdominal wall. The minilaparoscopy (ML) is promising in this regard. Our objective is to compare the results of a series of patients who underwent minilaparoscopic nephrectomy with another series who underwent conventional laparoscopy (CL). Material and methods: We chose 8 nephrectomies performed by mini-laparoscopy in a single hospital (NmL group) from a total of 110 patients included in multiple centres and compared them retrospectively with a contemporary series of 16 patients who underwent CL (NL group). From 1 to 3 3 mm and 5 mm trocars were used for the NmL and the NL, respectively, one 10 mm trocar in the pararectal edge of a Pfannenstiel incision and another 11 mm paraumbilical trocar for the optics. Age, BMI, ASA, complications, analgesic requirements in the postoperative period and cosmetic satisfaction were recorded using the Patient Scar Assessment Questionnaire (PSAQ), one month after the intervention. Results: Both groups were comparable and there were no differences in terms of surgery time, number of ports used, hospital stay or intra-and postoperative complications. In only one patient from the NmL group, a 3mm trocar had to be replaced by a 5mm trocar and one patient in the NL group was converted to hand-assisted surgery due to severe adherences. The patients in the NmL group had less postoperative pain on the VAS (±0 vs. 4 ± 25, p = 0.05) and were more satisfied with their appearance on the PSAQ (8.5 ± 1.4 vs. 16.6 ± 3.1, p = 0.05) compared to the NL group. Conclusions: The results obtained with the ML instrument were similar to those obtained by CL, but with the advantages of less postoperative pain and better cosmetic results

Postoperative pain and cosmetic results of minilaparoscopic nephrectomy compared to the conventional technique. / Dolor postoperatorio y resultados cosméticos de la nefrectomía minilaparoscópica frente a la técnica convencional.

INTRODUCTION: In recent years urology has been focussing on less invasive forms of laparoscopy with less impact on the abdominal wall. The minilaparoscopy (ML) is promising in this regard. Our objective is to compare the results of a series of patients who underwent minilaparoscopic nephrectomy with another series who underwent conventional laparoscopy (CL). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We chose 8 nephrectomies performed by mini-laparoscopy in a single hospital (NmL group) from a total of 110 patients included in multiple centres and compared them retrospectively with a contemporary series of 16 patients who underwent CL (NL group). From 1 to 3 3mm and 5mm trocars were used for the NmL and the NL, respectively, one 10mm trocar in the pararectal edge of a Pfannenstiel incision and another 11mm paraumbilical trocar for the optics. Age, BMI, ASA, complications, analgesic requirements in the postoperative period and cosmetic satisfaction were recorded using the Patient Scar Assessment Questionnaire (PSAQ), one month after the intervention. RESULTS: Both groups were comparable and there were no differences in terms of surgery time, number of ports used, hospital stay or intra-and postoperative complications. In only one patient from the NmL group, a 3mm trocar had to be replaced by a 5mm trocar and one patient in the NL group was converted to hand-assisted surgery due to severe adherences. The patients in the NmL group had less postoperative pain on the VAS (±0 vs. 4±25, P=.05) and were more satisfied with their appearance on the PSAQ (8.5±1.4 vs. 16.6±3.1, P=.05) compared to the NL group. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained with the ML instrument were similar to those obtained by CL, but with the advantages of less postoperative pain and better cosmetic results.

Minilaparoscopia en urología: revisión sistemática / Minilaparoscopy in urology: Systematic review

Contexto: En los últimos años las intervenciones urológicas por minilaparoscopia (ML) han experimentado un auge. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sistemática de la evidencia publicada sobre la ML y su papel actual en la urología. Adquisición de evidencia: Se realizó una búsqueda en Medline desde octubre 1983 hasta diciembre de 2016 siguiendo los criterios PRISMA. Un total de 6 artículos comparativos y 13 series fueron seleccionadas para este manuscrito. Síntesis de evidencia: Tan solo un estudio fue aleatorizado, 4 estudios fueron prospectivos y comparativos y la mayor parte fueron series de casos intervenidos con instrumental de 3mm. La intervención más frecuente fue la adrenalectomía, seguida de la nefrectomía, donante vivo y pieloplastia. Además se operaron otras enfermedades menores como decorticaciones quísticas, pielolitotomías, linfadenectomías, varicocelectomías u orquiectomías. Discusión: En los últimos años ha habido importantes mejoras técnicas en el material de ML. La mayoría de los procedimientos fueron de cirugía reconstructiva y por abordaje transperitoneal, incrementándose paulatinamente el número de casos de cirugía oncológica. Solo un 36,8% de las series evaluaron los resultados cosméticos con cuestionarios validados y un 68,4% de los estudios emplearon la escala visual analógica para medir el dolor postoperatorio. Conclusiones: El nivel de evidencia de la mayoría de los estudios publicados es bajo. La ML es una técnica reproducible para la cirugía urológica y segura incluso para las intervenciones de grandes masas quirúrgicas. Sus resultados cosméticos y de dolor postoperatorio son superiores a los de la laparoscopia convencional, si bien estas conclusiones deben ser tomadas con cautela dadas las limitaciones de los estudios actuales

Context: There has been a boom in recent years in urological procedures using minilaparoscopy (ML). Objective: To conduct a systematic review of the published evidence on ML and its current role in urology. Acquisition of evidence: We performed a search on MedLine spanning October 1983 to December 2016 according to PRISMA criteria. A total of 6 comparative articles and 13 series were selected for this manuscript. Summary of the evidence: Only 1 study was randomised, 4 studies were prospective and comparative, and most were case series in which the operations were performed with 3-mm instruments. The most common procedures were adrenalectomy, followed by nephrectomy, living donor and pyeloplasty. Other minor conditions were also operated on, including cyst decortications, pyelolithotomies, lymphadenectomies, varicocelectomies and orchiectomies. Discussion: There have been significant technical improvements in recent years in the materials of ML. Most procedures were for reconstructive surgery and by transperitoneal approach, with a gradually increasing number of cases of oncologic surgery. Only 36.8% of the series assessed the cosmetic results with validated questionnaires, and 68.4% of the studies used the visual analogue scale to measure pain during the postoperative period. Conclusions: The level of evidence of most published studies is low. ML is a reproducible technique for urological surgery and is safe even for operations on large surgical masses. The procedure's cosmetic and pain results after surgery are superior to those of conventional laparoscopy, although these conclusions should be taken with caution given the limitations of the current studies

Minilaparoscopy in urology: Systematic review. / Minilaparoscopia en urología: revisión sistemática.

CONTEXT: There has been a boom in recent years in urological procedures using minilaparoscopy (ML). OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review of the published evidence on ML and its current role in urology. ACQUISITION OF EVIDENCE: We performed a search on MedLine spanning October 1983 to December 2016 according to PRISMA criteria. A total of 6 comparative articles and 13 series were selected for this manuscript. SUMMARY OF THE EVIDENCE: Only 1 study was randomised, 4 studies were prospective and comparative, and most were case series in which the operations were performed with 3-mm instruments. The most common procedures were adrenalectomy, followed by nephrectomy, living donor and pyeloplasty. Other minor conditions were also operated on, including cyst decortications, pyelolithotomies, lymphadenectomies, varicocelectomies and orchiectomies. DISCUSSION: There have been significant technical improvements in recent years in the materials of ML. Most procedures were for reconstructive surgery and by transperitoneal approach, with a gradually increasing number of cases of oncologic surgery. Only 36.8% of the series assessed the cosmetic results with validated questionnaires, and 68.4% of the studies used the visual analogue scale to measure pain during the postoperative period. CONCLUSIONS: The level of evidence of most published studies is low. ML is a reproducible technique for urological surgery and is safe even for operations on large surgical masses. The procedure's cosmetic and pain results after surgery are superior to those of conventional laparoscopy, although these conclusions should be taken with caution given the limitations of the current studies.

La combinación de litotricia extracorpórea y ureterorrenoscopia flexible optimiza el tratamiento de litiasis renales / Combination of extracorporeal lithotripsy and flexible ureterorenoscopy optimize renal lithiasis therapy

Objetivos: Describir nuestra experiencia inicial en el tratamiento de las litiasis renales mediante litotricia extracorpórea controlada por ureterorrenoscopia flexible simultánea y combinada con litotricia mediante láser holmium. Material y métodos: Llevamos a cabo esta novedosa técnica en una paciente previamente seleccionada que presentaba litiasis renales izquierdas, 2 en cáliz superior, 2 en cáliz medio y 2 en cáliz inferior, la mayor de ellas en cáliz medio de 6 mm. Realizamos de forma simultánea una litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque y una ureterorrenoscopia flexible para un mejor control de la fragmentación de la litiasis y aplicando láser holmium. En el postoperatorio inmediato se realizó una ecografía y una tomografía computarizada (TC) de control al mes. Resultados: Se consiguió la completa fragmentación de todas las litiasis y se dejó un catéter doble J que se retiró posteriormente tras la comprobación de la ausencia de restos litiásicos mediante TC. No hubo complicaciones intraoperatorias, ni posquirúrgicas. Conclusiones: Esta técnica descrita es novedosa, segura y reproducible. El buen resultado obtenido mediante esta técnica combinada aumenta nuestro interés en seguirla empleando y considerarla como una opción de tratamiento para las litiasis renales de nuestros pacientes

Objective: Describe our initial experience in the treatment of renal lithiasis with extracorporeal lithotripsy controlled by simultaneous flexible ureterorenoscopy and combined with holmium laser lithotripsy. Material and methods: We performed this novel technique in a previously selected patient with left renal lithiasis, two in the superior calix, two in the medium calix and two in the inferior calix, the biggest of which was placed in medium calix and was 6 mm long. We proceeded to an extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and a simultaneous flexible ureterorenoscopy for better controlling the fragmentation of the lithiasis with the use of a holmium laser. In the immediate post-operative, an ultrasound was performed and, one month later, a computerized tomography (CT) was done. Results: The complete fragmentation of all the lithiasis was obtained and a double-J catheter was placed. After the assessment of the absence of stone fragments by CT the catheter was removed. No intra-operative or post-operative complications were described. Conclusions: The technique described is novel, safe and reproducible. The good result obtained through this combined technique increases our interest in continuing with its application and consider it as an option for the treatment of renal lithiasis in our patients

Combination of extracorporeal lithotripsy and flexible ureterorenoscopy optimize renal lithiasis therapy. / La combinación de litotricia extracorpórea y ureterorrenoscopia flexible optimiza el tratamiento de litiasis renales.

OBJECTIVE: Describe our initial experience in the treatment of renal lithiasis with extracorporeal lithotripsy controlled by simultaneous flexible ureterorenoscopy and combined with holmium laser lithotripsy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed this novel technique in a previously selected patient with left renal lithiasis, two in the superior calix, two in the medium calix and two in the inferior calix, the biggest of which was placed in medium calix and was 6mm long. We proceeded to an extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and a simultaneous flexible ureterorenoscopy for better controlling the fragmentation of the lithiasis with the use of a holmium laser. In the immediate post-operative, an ultrasound was performed and, one month later, a computerized tomography (CT) was done. RESULTS: The complete fragmentation of all the lithiasis was obtained and a double-J catheter was placed. After the assessment of the absence of stone fragments by CT the catheter was removed. No intra-operative or post-operative complications were described. CONCLUSIONS: The technique described is novel, safe and reproducible. The good result obtained through this combined technique increases our interest in continuing with its application and consider it as an option for the treatment of renal lithiasis in our patients.

Cirugía de puerto único transumbilical con instrumentos laparoscópicos convencionales en riñón en herradura / Transumbilical Single Port Surgery With Conventional Laparoscopic Instruments in Horseshoe Kidney

Introducción: La cirugía laparoscópica está teniendo una evolución natural a disminuir la agresión quirúrgica sobre la pared abdominal, sin merma de los resultados curativos y funcionales. Aunque en desarrollo, la cirugía monopuerto ha supuesto un avance en este sentido. Material y métodos: Presentamos la primera cirugía de pielolitectomía laparoscópica por puerto único en riñón en herradura, usando instrumentos rígidos convencionales. Paciente de 18 años con IMC de 19 que en las pruebas de imagen (urograma y tomografía computarizada) presenta un riñón en herradura con litiasis coraliforme izquierda y discreta ectasia calicial. Se extrae la litiasis mediante acceso umbilical con artilugio monopuerto e instrumentos rígidos convencionales. Resultados: La cirugía se completó sin complicaciones. El tiempo quirúrgico fue 110 min y el sangrado 50 cc. Al abrir el sistema urinario hubo extravasación de orina purulenta que condicionó fiebre en el postoperatorio de 38 ◦C. Durante la intervención se colocó catéter doble J por abordaje percutáneo. Fue dada de alta al tercer día de estancia. Conclusión: El acceso laparoscópico monopuerto para la cirugía de pielolitectomía en un riñón en herradura es una alternativa razonable. El uso de instrumentos convencionales rígidos facilita el desarrollo de esta cirugía con una buena triangulación, sin conflicto de manos y seguridad para el paciente (AU)

Introduction: Laparoscopic surgery is following a natural course as it decreases surgical aggression on the abdominal wall without undermining the curative and functional results. Although it is still being developed, single port surgery has meant an advance in this sense. Material and methods: We present the first single port laparoscopic pyelolithectomy surgery in horseshoe kidney, using conventional rigid instruments. The case of an 18-year old patient with BMI of 19 in whom the imaging tests (urogram and computed tomography) showed a horseshoe kidney with left coralliform lithiasis and discrete calyceal ectasia is presented. The lithiasis was extracted using umbilical access with single port device and conventional rigid instruments. Results: The surgery was performed without complications. Surgery time was 110 minutes and bleeding 50 cc. On incision of the urinary system, there was purulent urine extravasation that conditioned fever of 38 ◦C in the post-operatory period. During the intervention, a double J stent was placed via percutaneous approach. The patient was discharged on the third day of hospitalization. Conclusion: Single port laparoscopic access for pyelolithectomy surgery in horseshoe kidney isa reasonable alterative. The use of conventional rigid instruments facilitates the performance of this surgery with good triangulation, without conflict regarding hands and safety for the patient (AU)

Transumbilical single port surgery with conventional laparoscopic instruments in horseshoe kidney.

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic surgery is following a natural course as it decreases surgical aggression on the abdominal wall without undermining the curative and functional results. Although it is still being developed, single port surgery has meant an advance in this sense. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We present the first single port laparoscopic pyelolithectomy surgery in horseshoe kidney, using conventional rigid instruments. The case of an 18-year old patient with BMI of 19 in whom the imaging tests (urogram and computed tomography) showed a horseshoe kidney with left coralliform lithiasis and discrete calyceal ectasia is presented. The lithiasis was extracted using umbilical access with single port device and conventional rigid instruments. RESULTS: The surgery was performed without complications. Surgery time was 110 minutes and bleeding 50 cc. On incision of the urinary system, there was purulent urine extravasation that conditioned fever of 38 °C in the post-operatory period. During the intervention, a double J stent was placed via percutaneous approach. The patient was discharged on the third day of hospitalization. CONCLUSION: Single port laparoscopic access for pyelolithectomy surgery in horseshoe kidney is a reasonable alterative. The use of conventional rigid instruments facilitates the performance of this surgery with good triangulation, without conflict regarding hands and safety for the patient.