Co-Active Coping Inventory: Development and Validation for the Chilean Population

Co-active coping is a fundamental construct in organizational and work environments as it allows for the exploration of individual and group behaviors within organizations. The aim of this study was to develop a new scale called the Co-Active Coping Inventory in the Chilean context. The sample was comprised of 1,442 workers with an average age of 30.48 years (SD = 11.13). 55% were public-sector workers, 34.5% were workers in private commercial organizations, and 10.5% belonged to non-profit private organizations. Different exploratory factor analyses were performed, and the best exploratory model was verified with a confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, multiple linear regressions were used to analyze which dimensions of co-active coping helped predict workers’ burnout (emotional exhaustion, affective hardening, and personal fulfillment) and symptomatology (psychological and somatic). Based on the exploratory and confirmatory approach, the Co-Active Coping Inventory showed a good fit to a structure of five correlated factors (Reflective Action, Rash Action, Search for Spiritual Support, Search for Affective Support and Evasion), demonstrating measurement invariance in terms of sex and type of organization. The different domains of co-active coping explain between 20% (emotional exhaustion) and 41% (affective hardening) of occupational burnout and around 3–5% of workers’ symptomatology, with reflective action being the most important variable. These results indicate that the new scale has suitable psychometric properties; it can assess coping strategies in the Chilean organizational context in a reliable and valid way. These coping strategies have demonstrated certain importance in relation to organizational and clinical variables. (AU)

Co-Active Coping Inventory: Development and Validation for the Chilean Population.

Co-active coping is a fundamental construct in organizational and work environments as it allows for the exploration of individual and group behaviors within organizations. The aim of this study was to develop a new scale called the Co-Active Coping Inventory in the Chilean context. The sample was comprised of 1,442 workers with an average age of 30.48 years (SD = 11.13). 55% were public-sector workers, 34.5% were workers in private commercial organizations, and 10.5% belonged to non-profit private organizations. Different exploratory factor analyses were performed, and the best exploratory model was verified with a confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, multiple linear regressions were used to analyze which dimensions of co-active coping helped predict workers' burnout (emotional exhaustion, affective hardening, and personal fulfillment) and symptomatology (psychological and somatic). Based on the exploratory and confirmatory approach, the Co-Active Coping Inventory showed a good fit to a structure of five correlated factors (Reflective Action, Rash Action, Search for Spiritual Support, Search for Affective Support and Evasion), demonstrating measurement invariance in terms of sex and type of organization. The different domains of co-active coping explain between 20% (emotional exhaustion) and 41% (affective hardening) of occupational burnout and around 3-5% of workers' symptomatology, with reflective action being the most important variable. These results indicate that the new scale has suitable psychometric properties; it can assess coping strategies in the Chilean organizational context in a reliable and valid way. These coping strategies have demonstrated certain importance in relation to organizational and clinical variables.

Moral Disengagement as a Self-Regulatory Cognitive Process of Transgressions: Psychometric Evidence of the Bandura Scale in Chilean Adolescents.

Moral disengagement is a process of cognitive restructuring that allows individuals to disassociate from their internal moral standards and behave unethically without feeling distressed. It has been described as a key predictor of maladaptive behaviors (e.g., delinquency, aggression, and cyberbullying) and as a mediator between individual variables and unethical outcomes (e.g., empathy and aggression). We aimed to provide evidence of validity based on the internal structure, reliability, and correlations with other constructs of the most used instrument to measure disengagement from moral self-sanctions: Bandura's Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement Scale (MMDS). A non-probabilistic national sample of 528 Chilean adolescents from 14 to 18 years participated in the study. The results showed that the 10-item version of the MMDS had a unidimensional structure and good internal consistency. As expected, the MMDS-10 showed positive and medium correlations with abusive, violent antisocial, and delinquent behaviors and negative and medium associations with prosocial behavior and empathy. Additionally, moral disengagement fully mediated the relationship between empathy and violent antisocial behavior, supporting the hypothesis on moral disengagement as a self-regulatory cognitive process. The results confirm previous research, and the findings are discussed in terms of their implications for reducing the use of moral disengagement strategies in adolescence.

Empirical Determination of Transitory and Persistent Delinquency in Chilean Youth: Validation of the Criminal Engagement Severity Scale "EGED".

Evidence from several longitudinal studies has established the relevance of the approach of evolutionary criminology to understanding and intervening with adolescent criminal offenders, seeking to halt the criminal behavior before its potential consolidation in adulthood. The aim of this study is to present the psychometric properties of the Criminal Engagement Severity Scale (EGED) to discriminate between transitory and persistent delinquency in Chilean adolescents of both sexes. The characteristics of the sample are revealed through descriptive analyses, and evidence of validity and reliability is provided that show its discriminant capacity using ROC curves and odds ratios, measures of internal consistency (Cronbach's α and McDonald's Ω), intraclass correlation, and unidimensional statistics. The results indicate that the EGED adequately discriminates between transitory and persistent delinquency, so that its use in contexts of assessment and intervention with adolescent criminal offenders can be recommended, because it helps to determine the intensity of the intervention required.

Examining the Factor Structure of a Risk Assessment Inventory in Young Offenders: FER-R, Risk and Resource Assessment Form.

The FER-R, Risk and Resource Assessment Form, is a multidimensional inventory of structured professional judgment that assesses criminogenic risks and resources for the design and management of individualized intervention plans with criminally sanctioned adolescents. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the FER-R, reviewing its factorial structure to contribute evidence of convergent and discriminant construct validity in a sample of adolescents sentenced for crimes in Chile. For each domain (risks and resources) with its respective facets, a unidimensional bifactor structure (CFA-BF) was obtained, with adequate indices of fit that confirmed its construct validity, while the convergent validity was demonstrated with the YLS/CMI and the divergent validity with two MACI scales. The FER-R adds factorial validity to the evidence of the previously reported predictive validity, making it a robust inventory for the evaluation of young offenders, and a relevant tool to manage differentiated interventions in Chile, with a high potential for use in Latin America. The importance of finding a suitable balance in assessing risks and protective factors is discussed, in order to manage interventions adjusted to the needs of the adolescents to promote their criminal desistance.

Evaluación de Clima Organizacional: Propiedades psicométricas del ECALS / Assessing Organizational Climate: Psychometric properties of the ECALS Scale

ANTECEDENTES: El clima organizacional (CO) es un constructo fundamental en entornos laborales y organizacionales, ya que permite la exploración de comportamientos individuales y grupales dentro de las organizaciones. El objetivo del presente estudio fue desarrollar una nueva escala llamada Escala de Clima Organizacional del Ambiente Laboral Subjetivo (ECALS) en el contexto chileno. MÉTODO: La muestra estuvo formada por 1,442 trabajadores con una media de edad de 30.48 años (DT = 11.13). Un total de 55% fueron trabajadores públicos, un 34.5% fueron trabajadores de organizaciones privadas con fines de lucro y un 10.5% pertenecían a organizaciones privadas sin fines de lucro. Se llevaron a cabo diferentes análisis factoriales exploratorios y el mejor modelo exploratorio se comprobó en un análisis factorial confirmatorio. Además, se analizó si existían diferencias en las dimensiones del ECALS entre los trabajadores pertenecientes a las diferentes organizaciones. RESULTADOS: La escala estuvo formada por 38 ítems con adecuadas propiedades psicométricas y una estructura bifactor, con un factor general (CO) y cinco dimensiones específicas (Confianza organizacional, Tensión laboral, Apoyo social, Retribución, y Satisfacción la-boral). CONCLUSIONES: Estos resultados indican que la nueva escala tiene adecuadas propiedades psicométricas, permitiendo evaluar de manera fiable y válida el clima organizacional en el contexto chileno

BACKGROUND: Organizational Climate (OC) is a basic construct in work and organizational environments, since it allows exploration of individual and group behaviours within organizations. The object of the pre-sent study was to develop a new scale called the Subjective Work Environment Organizational Climate Scale (Escala de Clima Organizacional del Ambiente Laboral Subjetivo - ECALS) for the Chilean context. METHOD: The sample consisted of 1,442 employees, mean age 39.48 years (SD= 11.13). A total of 55% were public employees, 34.5% were employees in commercial private organizations and 10.5% belonged to not-for-profit private organizations. Different exploratory factorial analyses were applied and the best exploratory model was tested in a confirmatory factorial analysis. We also analysed whether differences existed in the dimensions of ECALS between employees belonging to the different types of organization. RESULTS: The scale consists of 38 items with adequate psychometric properties and a bifactorial structure, with one general factor (OC) and five specific dimensions (Organizational trust, Job strain, Social support, Reward and Job satisfaction). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the new scale has adequate psychometric properties, providing reliable, valid evaluation of the organizational climate in the Chilean context

Invarianza factorial del Cuestionario para Evaluar Clima Social del Centro Escolar en estudiantes chilenos y colombianos / Factorial invariance of the Questionnaire for evaluating School Social Climate in Chilean and Colombian students

Resumen La investigación tuvo como objetivo estudiar el grado de equivalencia psicométrica del Cuestionario para Evaluar Clima Social del Centro Escolar (CECSCE) en adolescentes chilenos y colombianos. Los participantes fueron seleccionados a partir de un muestreo no probabilístico intencionado en 11 establecimientos públicos y particulares subvencionados de Chile y Colombia. Participaron 1233 adolescentes de ambos sexos, con una edad promedio de 14.82 (DT = 1.83). Los resultados obtenidos a partir de los análisis factoriales confirmatorios ratificaron la estructura de 2 factores correlacionados en la muestra chilena con el índice chi-cuadrado de Satorra Bentler(76) = 175.664, p < .001; índice de ajuste comparativo = .956; índice de Tucker-Lewis = .948; error cuadrático medio de aproximación = .044 (IC90% = .035-.052) y en la muestra colombiana con el índice chi-cuadrado de Satorra Bentler (76) = 131.508, p < .001; índice de ajuste comparativo = .942; índice de Tucker-Lewis = .931; error cuadrático medio de aproximación = .037 (IC90% = .026-.047). El análisis de invarianza factorial evidenció que el grado de equivalencia transcultural del instrumento se presenta plausible a nivel de invarianza de configuración (M1 = _ índice chi-cuadrado de Satorra Bentler = 35.583; ∆gl = 12; p < .001; _índice de ajuste comparativo = .007). La escala presentó adecuados índices de fiabilidad por consistencia interna y homogeneidad.

Abstract This study aims to determine the degree of psychometric equivalence of the questionnaire for evaluating School Social Climate in Chilean and Colombian adolescents. Using an intentional non-probability sampling, the adolescents were selected from 11 public schools and subsidised private schools in Chile and Colombia. The study involved 1,233 adolescents of both sexes, with a mean age of 14.82 years (SD = 1.83). The results from confirmatory factor analysis ratified the correlated two-factor structure in the Chilean sample Satorra Bentler's chi-square(76) = 175.664, P < .001; comparative fit index = .956; Tucker-Lewis index = .948; root mean square error of approximation = .044 (90% CI = .035-.052), and in the Colombian sample Satorra Bentler's chi-square(76) = 131.508, P < .001; comparative fit index = .942; Tucker-Lewis index = .931; root mean square error of approximation = .037 (90% CI = .026-.047). Invariance factorial analysis showed that the cross cultural level of the instrument is plausible at invariance configuration level (M1 = _Satorra Bentler's chi-square = 35.583;∆gl = 12; P < .001; _comparative fit index = .007). The resulting scale depicted adequate indices of reliability for internal consistency and homogeneity.

Reincidencia y desistimiento en adolescentes infractores: análisis de trayectorias delictivas a partir de autorreporte de delitos, consumo de sustancias y juicio profesional / Recidivism and Desistance in Young Offenders: Criminal Trajectory Analysis from Self-Reported Offenses, Substance Use and Professional Judgment

Se analizan respuestas de 239 adolescentes varones condenados por diversos delitos, y agrupados en seis trayectorias delictivas definidas por características psicológicas, riesgos y comportamiento problemático. El autorreporte de delitos se obtiene con la Escala EDA; consumo problemático, con la Guía DEP-ADO, riesgos y recursos con el Inventario IRNC y la Ficha "FER-R" y delincuencia oficial desde los expedientes judiciales. El propósito fue caracterizar diferencialmente las trayectorias delictivas, analizando retrospectivamente la relación entre volumen de delitos autorreportados, consumo de sustancias, acumulación de factores de riesgo y recursos y sanciones. Los resultados muestran evoluciones distintas por trayectoria con diferente potencial de reincidencia y desistimiento, independientes de la sanción ejecutada. Se discute fundamentando la necesidad de programas de intervención diferenciada por trayectorias delictivas.

We analyzed responses of 239 male adolescents convicted of various crimes and offenses, grouped into six trajectories defined psychological characteristics, risks and problem behavior. The self-reporting of crimes is obtained with the "EDA" scale, problematic abuse with the "DEP-ADO" grid, risks and resources with "IRNC" inventory and the "FERR" grid, from official crime the court records. The purpose was to characterize differentially criminal trajectories, retrospectively, analyzing the relationship between self-reported crime volume, substance abuse, accumulation of risk factors and resources and penalties. The results show different trends for trajectories with diverse potential recidivism and desistance, independent of the penalty executed. We discuss basing the need for differentiated intervention programs criminal trajectories.

[Anxiety, depression and self-concept among morbid obese patients before and after bariatric surgery]. / Descripción de manifestaciones ansiosas, depresivas y autoconcepto en pacientes obesos mórbidos, sometidos a cirugía bariátrica.

BACKGROUND: There is conflicting evidence about the emotional impact of bariatric surgery among obese individuals. AIM: To evaluate anxiety, depression and self-concept, before and after bariatric surgery among patients with morbid obesity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifteen males and 5 females aged 28 to 61 years with a mean body mass index of 42.6 ± 5 kg/m(2), were studied. Grid Technique (TR), Personal Self Evaluation Questionnaire (OQ-45.2) and Anxiety Sate-Trait Inventory (STAI) were applied before and six months after bariatric surgery. RESULTS: After surgery, the scores of self-esteem, well-being, flexibility, attraction, self-acceptance, confidence and guilt improved significantly. STAI and OQ-45.2 anxiety and depressive symptoms assessment were in the normal range before and after surgery. However, after surgery, there was a significant decrease in these sub scales in the OQ-45.2. No significant changes in anxiety measured using the STAI, were observed after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Six months after bariatric surgery, positive changes were found in self-concept, and overall well-being.

Descripción de manifestaciones ansiosas, depresivas y autoconcepto en pacientes obesos mórbidos, sometidos a cirugía bariátrica / Anxiety, depression and self-concept among morbid obese patients before and after bariatric surgery

Background: There is conflicting evidence about the emotional impact of bariatric surgery among obese individuals. Aim: To evaluate anxiety, depression and self-concept, before and after bariatric surgery among patients with morbid obesity. Material and Methods: Fifteen males and 5 females aged 28 to 61 years with a mean body mass index of 42.6 ± 5 kg/m², were studied. Grid Technique (TR), Personal Self Evaluation Questionnaire (OQ-45.2) and Anxiety Sate-Trait Inventory (STAI) were applied before and six months after bariatric surgery. Results: After surgery, the scores of self-esteem, well-being, flexibility, attraction, self-acceptance, confidence and guilt improved significantly. STAI and OQ-45.2 anxiety and depressive symptoms assessment were in the normal range before and after surgery. However, after surgery, there was a significant decrease in these sub scales in the OQ-45.2. No significant changes in anxiety measured using the STAI, were observed after surgery. Conclusions: Six months after bariatric surgery, positive changes were found in self-concept, and overall well-being.

Validación del cuestionario de auto-reporte de comportamiento antisocial en adolescentes: CACSA / Validação de questionário de auto-relato de comportamento anti-social em adolescentes: CACSA / Validation of a self-report questionnaire addressing antisocial behavior in adolescents: CACSA

El estudio tiene por objetivo presentar la validación de un instrumento formulado racionalmente para evaluar, mediante auto-reporte, el comportamiento social en adolescentes chilenos (CACSA) y describir el comportamiento social de dos grupos: adolescentes escolarizados (N=1914) y adolescentes infractores de ley (N=264). El cuestionario posee 56 ítemes que exploran tres dimensiones generales, a) Comportamiento Prosocial (CPRO), b) Comportamiento Antisocial Total (CAT); y c) Víctima de Abuso de Poder (VAP); CAT contiene seis dimensiones específicas: Delitos (D), Transgresiones Contra la Propiedad (TPRO), Transgresiones Contra las Personas (TPER), Comportamiento Abusivo con Pares (CAP), Consumo de Alcohol y Drogas (OHD); y Transgresiones Sociales Leves (TSL). El estudio incluye también una escala de deseabilidad social y otra actitudinal. Los resultados revelan importantes fortalezas psicométricas del instrumento y capacidad de discriminación entre adolescentes escolarizados e infractores de ley. Se discute la importancia de reconocer por auto-reporte la prevalencia de comportamientos antisociales y la relación entre conductas prosociales y antisociales en adolescentes chilenos.(AU)

O estudo tem por objetivos apresentar a validação de um instrumento formulado racionalmente para avaliar, mediante auto-relato, o comportamento social de adolescentes chilenos (CACSA) e descrever o comportamento social de dois grupos: adolescentes escolarizados (N=1914) e adolescentes infratores da lei (N=264). O questionário consiste de 56 itens que exploram três dimensões gerais: a) Comportamento Pró-social (CPRO), b) Anti-Social (CAT) c) Vítimas de Abuso de Poder (VAP). CAT contém seis dimensões específicas: Delitos (D), Transgressões de Ofensa à Propriedade (TPRO), Transgressões Contra as Pessoas (TPER), Comportamentos Abusivos entre Pares (CAP), Consumo do Álcool e Drogas (OHD) e Transgressões Sociais Leves (TSL). O estudo incluiu também uma escala de desejabilidade social e outra atitudinal. Os resultados revelam que o instrumento mostra excelentes qualidades psicométricas e capacidade de discriminação entre os adolescentes escolarizados e os infratores da lei. Discute-se a importância de reconhecer a prevalência de comportamentos anti-sociais por meio de auto-relato e a relação entre condutas pró-sociais e anti-sociais em adolescentes chilenos.(AU)

This paper reports the validation of a rationally built self-report instrument to assess social behavior in Chilean adolescents (CACSA) and presents the findings on social behavior from two samples: school attending adolescents (N=1914) and juvenile offenders (N=264). The questionnaire consists of 56 items, which explore three general behavioral dimensions: Prosocial (CPRO) and Antisocial (CAT) behavior, and Victims of Abuse of Power (VAP); CAT contains six specific dimensions: Crimes (D), Transgressions Against Property (TPRO), Transgressions Against Persons (TPER); Abusive Behavior with Peers (CAP), Substance Abuse (OHD); and Minor Social Transgressions (TSL). The study also includes a social desirability scale and an attitudinal scale. Results revealed the questionnaire has important psychometric strengths, as well as discriminative properties between the school attending adolescents and the juvenile offenders. The importance and reliability of self-report data for building indices of antisocial behavior is discussed, as well as the relationship between prosocial and antisocial behavior among Chilean adolescents.(AU)

Validación del cuestionario de auto-reporte de comportamiento antisocial en adolescentes: CACSA / Validação de questionário de auto-relato de comportamento anti-social em adolescentes: CACSA / Validation of a self-report questionnaire addressing antisocial behavior in adolescents: CACSA

El estudio tiene por objetivo presentar la validación de un instrumento formulado racionalmente para evaluar, mediante auto-reporte, el comportamiento social en adolescentes chilenos (CACSA) y describir el comportamiento social de dos grupos: adolescentes escolarizados (N=1914) y adolescentes infractores de ley (N=264). El cuestionario posee 56 ítemes que exploran tres dimensiones generales, a) Comportamiento Prosocial (CPRO), b) Comportamiento Antisocial Total (CAT); y c) Víctima de Abuso de Poder (VAP); CAT contiene seis dimensiones específicas: Delitos (D), Transgresiones Contra la Propiedad (TPRO), Transgresiones Contra las Personas (TPER), Comportamiento Abusivo con Pares (CAP), Consumo de Alcohol y Drogas (OHD); y Transgresiones Sociales Leves (TSL). El estudio incluye también una escala de deseabilidad social y otra actitudinal. Los resultados revelan importantes fortalezas psicométricas del instrumento y capacidad de discriminación entre adolescentes escolarizados e infractores de ley. Se discute la importancia de reconocer por auto-reporte la prevalencia de comportamientos antisociales y la relación entre conductas prosociales y antisociales en adolescentes chilenos.

O estudo tem por objetivos apresentar a validação de um instrumento formulado racionalmente para avaliar, mediante auto-relato, o comportamento social de adolescentes chilenos (CACSA) e descrever o comportamento social de dois grupos: adolescentes escolarizados (N=1914) e adolescentes infratores da lei (N=264). O questionário consiste de 56 itens que exploram três dimensões gerais: a) Comportamento Pró-social (CPRO), b) Anti-Social (CAT) c) Vítimas de Abuso de Poder (VAP). CAT contém seis dimensões específicas: Delitos (D), Transgressões de Ofensa à Propriedade (TPRO), Transgressões Contra as Pessoas (TPER), Comportamentos Abusivos entre Pares (CAP), Consumo do Álcool e Drogas (OHD) e Transgressões Sociais Leves (TSL). O estudo incluiu também uma escala de desejabilidade social e outra atitudinal. Os resultados revelam que o instrumento mostra excelentes qualidades psicométricas e capacidade de discriminação entre os adolescentes escolarizados e os infratores da lei. Discute-se a importância de reconhecer a prevalência de comportamentos anti-sociais por meio de auto-relato e a relação entre condutas pró-sociais e anti-sociais em adolescentes chilenos.

This paper reports the validation of a rationally built self-report instrument to assess social behavior in Chilean adolescents (CACSA) and presents the findings on social behavior from two samples: school attending adolescents (N=1914) and juvenile offenders (N=264). The questionnaire consists of 56 items, which explore three general behavioral dimensions: Prosocial (CPRO) and Antisocial (CAT) behavior, and Victims of Abuse of Power (VAP); CAT contains six specific dimensions: Crimes (D), Transgressions Against Property (TPRO), Transgressions Against Persons (TPER); Abusive Behavior with Peers (CAP), Substance Abuse (OHD); and Minor Social Transgressions (TSL). The study also includes a social desirability scale and an attitudinal scale. Results revealed the questionnaire has important psychometric strengths, as well as discriminative properties between the school attending adolescents and the juvenile offenders. The importance and reliability of self-report data for building indices of antisocial behavior is discussed, as well as the relationship between prosocial and antisocial behavior among Chilean adolescents.