ABSTRACT
The Chilean hazelnut (Gevuina avellana Mol., Proteaceae) is a native tree of Chile and Argentina of edible fruit-type nut. We applied two approaches to contribute to the development of strategies for mitigation of the effects of climate change and anthropic activities in G. avellana. It corresponds to the first report where both tools are integrated, the MaxEnt model to predict the current and future potential distribution coupled with High-Resolution Melting Analysis (HRM) to assess its genetic diversity and understand how the species would respond to these changes. Two global climate models: CNRM-CM6-1 and MIROC-ES2L for four Shared Socioeconomic Pathways: 126, 245, 370, and 585 (2021−2040; 2061−2080) were evaluated. The annual mean temperature (43.7%) and water steam (23.4%) were the key factors for the distribution current of G. avellana (AUC = 0.953). The future prediction model shows to the year 2040 those habitat range decreases at 50% (AUC = 0.918). The genetic structure was investigated in seven natural populations using eight EST-SSR markers, showing a percentage of polymorphic loci between 18.69 and 55.14% and low genetic differentiation between populations (Fst = 0.052; p < 0.001). According to the discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) we identified 10 genetic populations. We conclude that high-priority areas for protection correspond to Los Avellanos and Punta de Águila populations due to their greater genetic diversity and allelic richness.
ABSTRACT
ResumenEl estudio de rasgos morfológicos funcionales nos permite conocer muchos aspectos fundamentales de la dinámica de las comunidades vegetales en hábitats particulares y a nivel mundial, los rasgos morfológicos regenerativos cumplen un rol importante en la ecología e historia de las plantas por estar relacionados con la dispersión, germinación, colonización y establecimiento de las plántulas en determinados hábitas, sin embargo estos rasgos no han sido debidamente estudiados a nivel de toda una comunidad de especies leñosas en los bosques secos neotropicales. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron; a) evaluar rasgos morfológicos funcionales en frutos, semillas y embriones de especies leñosas, b).- determinar que patrones morfológicos caracterizan a las semillas de la comunidad de especies leñosas y c) analizar la masa de la semillas con respecto a otros bosques tropicales. Entre el 2010 y 2014 se recolectaron en un bosque seco tumbesino ubicado al sur occidente del Ecuador frutos con semillas maduras de 79 especies pertenecientes a 42 árboles y 37 arbustos de 31 familias más representativas de los bosques secos tumbesinos. Se midió y describió un total de 18 rasgos morfológicos, 7 cuantitativos y 11 cualitativos en frutos, semillas y embriones. La descripción y análisis de los rasgos se realizaron en el Banco de Germoplasma de la UTPL. Los resultados mostraron gran heterogeneidad en los rasgos cuantitativos medidos, el tamaño de las semillas varió de 1.3 a 39 mm de largo x 0.6 a 25 mm de ancho, mientras que el promedio del largo de los embriones fue de 8.1 mm. El volumen, masa y número de semillas por fruto fueron los rasgos que presentaron mayor variabilidad. La mayoría de especies de bosque seco se caracterizaron por presentar frutos secos dispersados por animales, con semillas ovaladas sin areola, lisas y de testa dura. Encontramos solamente seis tipos de embriones en las semillas, el 40 % de las especies se caracterizó por presentar embriones invertidos bien desarrollados con cotiledones grandes y gruesos que ocupan todo el interior de la semillas y cumplen la función de almacenamiento de reservas nutritivas. En conclusión, existe gran variabilidad y heterogeneidad en los rasgos morfológicos de las semillas de especies leñosas del bosque seco, lo que les permitiría tener un amplio rango de mecanismos y comportamiento para soportar condiciones de estrés ambiental en zonas áridas. Las implicaciones ecológicas que podrían tener los rasgos que caraterizan a los frutos, semillas y embriones de la comunidad de especies leñosas posiblemente les permitan estar mejor preparadas para soportar los cambios climáticos globales pronosticados para los próximos años.
AbstractThe study of functional morphological traits enables us to know fundamental aspects of the dynamics of plant communities in local and global habitats. Regenerative morphological traits play an important role in defining plant history and ecological behavior. Seed and fruit characteristics determine to a large extent the patterns for dispersal, germination, establishment and seedling recruitment a given species exhibits on its natural habitat. Despite their prominent role, seed and fruit traits have been poorly studied at the community level of woody plant species in neo-tropical dry forests. In the present study we aimed at i) evaluate the functional role of morphological traits of seeds, fruits and embryo in woody plant species; ii) determine which are the morphological patterns present in seeds collected from the community of woody species that occur in neo-tropical dry forests; and iii) compare woody plant species seed mass values comparatively between neo-tropical dry and tropical forests. To do so, mature seeds were collected from 79 plant species that occur in the Tumbesian forest of Southwest Ecuador. The studied species included the 42 and 37 most representative tree and shrubbery species of the Tumbesian forest respectively. A total of 18 morphological traits (seven quantitative and 11 qualitative) were measured and evaluated in the seeds, fruits and embryos of the selected species, and we compared the seeds mass with other forest types. Our results showed a huge heterogeneity among traits values in the studied species. Seed mass, volume and number were the traits that vary the most at the community level, i.e. seed length ranged from 1.3 to 39 mm, and seed width from 0.6 to 25 mm. Only six embryo types were found among the 79 plant species. In 40 % of the cases, fully developed inverted embryos with large and thick cotyledons to store considerable amount of nutrients were recorded. We concluded that highly variable and functionally complementary morphological traits occur among the studied woody plants of the Tumbesian dry forest. The latter favors a plethora of behavioral mechanisms to coexist among woody species of the dry forest in response to the environmental stress that is typical of arid areas. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (2): 859-873. Epub 2016 June 01.
Subject(s)
Seeds/growth & development , Wood/growth & development , Forests , Germination , Tropical Climate , Wood/classification , Conservation of Natural Resources , Ecuador , Seed DispersalABSTRACT
The Santa Catarina State Agricultural Research and Extension Organization - Epagri SA, owns one of the largest Brazilian colletions of erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St.Hil.). Preliminary agronomic trials identified two promissing erva-mate materials named as Barão de Cotegipe and Água Doce. This study had the objective of characterizing genetically the existing variability in the two mentioned materials. A molecular marker technique was used to amplify the DNA, RAPD (Random Amplified Polimorfic DNA). The results showed no genetic difference between the two materials. Also, due to the genetic distance between them, the different materials from both studied origins showed genetic similarity of up to 80%.
A Epagri (Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina S.A) possui uma das maiores coleções brasileiras de erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St.Hil.). A partir de ensaios agronômicos preliminares, apresentaram destaque as procedências Barão de Cotegipe e Água Doce. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de caracterizar geneticamente a variabilidade existente nos germoplasmas oriundos destas procedências. A técnica utilizada foi a de marcadores moleculares para amplificar o DNA, do tipo RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA). Os resultados indicaram não ser possível diferenciar geneticamente as procedências entre si. Em função da distância genética, foi formado um grupo com quatro materiais ou germoplasmas e outro com os demais. Os diferentes materiais das duas procedências estudadas apresentaram similaridade superior a 80% entre eles.
ABSTRACT
The Santa Catarina State Agricultural Research and Extensios Organization - Epagri SA, owns one of the largest Brazilian colletions or erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St.Hil.). Preliminary agronomic trials identified two promissing erva-mate materials named Barão de Cotegipe and Água Doce. Different tastes within each material were also identified, i.e. tastes with different grades of bitterness, apparently associated with the shape of leaves (CL - short and wide; LE - long and narrow). This study aimed to associate this plant patterns using molecular markers with plant origins and desirable fenotipic characteristics such as plant height, crown diameter, leaf density, plant survival, regrowth behaviour, within each taste group. For this molecular markers which amplify DNA of RAPD type (Random Amplified Polimorphic DNA) was used. The results did not allow, with the number of starters used as molecular markers, the genetic definition of the caracter taste, even though the results suggested so.
A Epagri (Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina S.A) possui uma das maiores coleções brasileiras de erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St.Hil.). A partir de ensaios agronômicos preliminares, apresentaram destaque as procedências Barão de Cotegipe e Água Doce. Dentre essas, verificaram-se diferentes sabores (mais amargo e menos amargo), aparentemente, em função do tipo de folha (CL - curta e larga; LE - longa e estreita). O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de tentar associar os padrões obtidos mediante marcadores moleculares, com as procedências ou acessos e características fenotípicas desejáveis - altura de planta, diâmetro de copa, densidade folhar, sobrevivência das plantas e comportamento de rebrota -, dentro do caráter sabor em erva-mate. Para isto, utilizaram-se marcadores moleculares que amplificam DNA, do tipo RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA). Os resultados indicaram não ser possível, com o número de iniciadores utlizados como marcadores moleculares, definir geneticamente o caráter sabor, ainda que os mesmos tenham indicado tendência para tal.
ABSTRACT
The Santa Catarina State Agricultural Research and Extensios Organization - Epagri SA, owns one of the largest Brazilian colletions or erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St.Hil.). Preliminary agronomic trials identified two promissing erva-mate materials named Barão de Cotegipe and Água Doce. Different tastes within each material were also identified, i.e. tastes with different grades of bitterness, apparently associated with the shape of leaves (CL - short and wide; LE - long and narrow). This study aimed to associate this plant patterns using molecular markers with plant origins and desirable fenotipic characteristics such as plant height, crown diameter, leaf density, plant survival, regrowth behaviour, within each taste group. For this molecular markers which amplify DNA of RAPD type (Random Amplified Polimorphic DNA) was used. The results did not allow, with the number of starters used as molecular markers, the genetic definition of the caracter taste, even though the results suggested so.
A Epagri (Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina S.A) possui uma das maiores coleções brasileiras de erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St.Hil.). A partir de ensaios agronômicos preliminares, apresentaram destaque as procedências Barão de Cotegipe e Água Doce. Dentre essas, verificaram-se diferentes sabores (mais amargo e menos amargo), aparentemente, em função do tipo de folha (CL - curta e larga; LE - longa e estreita). O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de tentar associar os padrões obtidos mediante marcadores moleculares, com as procedências ou acessos e características fenotípicas desejáveis - altura de planta, diâmetro de copa, densidade folhar, sobrevivência das plantas e comportamento de rebrota -, dentro do caráter sabor em erva-mate. Para isto, utilizaram-se marcadores moleculares que amplificam DNA, do tipo RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA). Os resultados indicaram não ser possível, com o número de iniciadores utlizados como marcadores moleculares, definir geneticamente o caráter sabor, ainda que os mesmos tenham indicado tendência para tal.
ABSTRACT
The Santa Catarina State Agricultural Research and Extension Organization - Epagri SA, owns one of the largest Brazilian colletions of erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St.Hil.). Preliminary agronomic trials identified two promissing erva-mate materials named as Barão de Cotegipe and Água Doce. This study had the objective of characterizing genetically the existing variability in the two mentioned materials. A molecular marker technique was used to amplify the DNA, RAPD (Random Amplified Polimorfic DNA). The results showed no genetic difference between the two materials. Also, due to the genetic distance between them, the different materials from both studied origins showed genetic similarity of up to 80%.
A Epagri (Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina S.A) possui uma das maiores coleções brasileiras de erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St.Hil.). A partir de ensaios agronômicos preliminares, apresentaram destaque as procedências Barão de Cotegipe e Água Doce. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de caracterizar geneticamente a variabilidade existente nos germoplasmas oriundos destas procedências. A técnica utilizada foi a de marcadores moleculares para amplificar o DNA, do tipo RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA). Os resultados indicaram não ser possível diferenciar geneticamente as procedências entre si. Em função da distância genética, foi formado um grupo com quatro materiais ou germoplasmas e outro com os demais. Os diferentes materiais das duas procedências estudadas apresentaram similaridade superior a 80% entre eles.