ABSTRACT
Introducción La teoría de la mente (ToM) es la capacidad humana de percibir, interpretar y atribuir los estados mentales de las otras personas y la alteración de esta función cognitiva es un síntoma nuclear del trastorno del espectro autista (TEA). Hay otros trastornos del neurodesarrollo como el trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo de inicio en la infancia (TOC) y el síndrome de Tourette (ST), que pueden presentarse con disfunciones cognitivas, y en los que la ToM ha sido menos estudiada, especialmente en población juvenil. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la ToM avanzada entre grupos de jóvenes con diagnóstico de TOC, ST o TEA y un grupo de controles sanos. Métodos Se entrevistaron clínicamente a varones de entre 11 y 17 años con diagnóstico principal de TOC (n = 19), ST (n = 14), TEA (n = 18), y un grupo control de sujetos sanos (n = 20). Se les administró instrumentos de estimación de cociente intelectual, severidad de los síntomas psiquiátricos y las pruebas para evaluar la ToM: la tarea Historias de la vida cotidiana y el Test de la mirada. Resultados Los jóvenes con ST presentan dificultades similares para resolver tareas de ToM avanzada al nivel de los pacientes con TEA, a diferencia de los pacientes con TOC de inicio en la infancia que presentan resultados similares a los controles sanos. Conclusiones La ToM está alterada en otros trastornos del neurodesarrollo más allá del TEA, como en el ST. (AU)
Introduction Theory of mind (ToM) is the human ability to perceive, interpret, and attribute the mental states of other people, and the alteration of this cognitive function is a core symptom of autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). In such other neurodevelopmental disorders as childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette syndrome (TS) that can present with cognitive dysfunctions, ToM has been less extensively studied, especially in the young population. The aim of the study was to compare advanced ToM between groups of young people diagnosed with OCD, TS, or ASD and a control group. Methods Clinical interviews were conducted with male patients aged between 11 and 17 years with a main diagnosis of OCD (n = 19), TS (n = 14), or ASD (n = 18), and a control group (n = 20). We administered instruments for estimating intelligence quotient and severity of psychiatric symptoms, and tasks to evaluate ToM (the Stories from everyday life task and the Reading the mind in the eyes test). Results Young people with TS and with ASD present similar difficulties in solving advanced ToM tasks, whereas patients with childhood-onset OCD present similar results to controls. Conclusions ToM is altered in other neurodevelopmental disorders beyond ASD, such as TS. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child , Adolescent , Neurodevelopmental Disorders , Theory of Mind , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder , Tourette Syndrome , Autism Spectrum DisorderABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Theory of mind (ToM) is the human ability to perceive, interpret, and attribute the mental states of other people, and the alteration of this cognitive function is a core symptom of autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). In such other neurodevelopmental disorders as childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette syndrome (TS) that can present with cognitive dysfunctions, ToM has been less extensively studied, especially in the young population. The aim of the study was to compare advanced ToM between groups of young people diagnosed with OCD, TS, or ASD and a control group. METHODS: Clinical interviews were conducted with male patients aged between 11 and 17 years with a main diagnosis of OCD (nâ¯=â¯19), TS (nâ¯=â¯14), or ASD (nâ¯=â¯18), and a control group (nâ¯=â¯20). We administered instruments for estimating intelligence quotient and severity of psychiatric symptoms, and tasks to evaluate ToM (the "Stories from everyday life" task and the "Reading the mind in the eyes" test). RESULTS: Young people with TS and with ASD present similar difficulties in solving advanced ToM tasks, whereas patients with childhood-onset OCD present similar results to controls. CONCLUSIONS: ToM is altered in other neurodevelopmental disorders beyond ASD, such as TS.
Subject(s)
Autism Spectrum Disorder , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder , Theory of Mind , Tourette Syndrome , Humans , Male , Adolescent , Child , Cognition , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/diagnosis , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/epidemiology , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/psychologyABSTRACT
Introducción: La mayoría de personas con tics persistentes refiere notar una sensación des-agradable (impulso premonitorio) antes de sufrir un tic. En los últimos a ̃nos, el interés haciaestos fenómenos sensoriales ha aumentado debido al importante papel que tienen en la terapiade conducta. Sin embargo, los instrumentos para evaluarlos aún son escasos. Entre ellos, laEscala para el Impulso Premonitorio al Tic (Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale, PUTS) es el másutilizado. Métodos: Examinamos las propiedades psicométricas y la estructura factorial de la versiónespa ̃nola de la PUTS en una muestra de 72 ni ̃nos y adolescentes con síndrome de Tourette otrastorno de tics persistentes. Analizamos los datos para el total de la muestra y por grupos deedad (ni ̃nos hasta los 10 a ̃nos y mayores de 10 a ̃nos). Resultados: La PUTS obtuvo una buena consistencia interna y correlaciones moderadas entreítems de la escala (excepto en el ítem uno). Se encontró una buena validez divergente, unaadecuada fiabilidad test-retest y una estructura bifactorial (con una dimensión de fenómenosmentales relacionados con el trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo y otra sobre las cualidades y fre-cuencia de los impulsos premonitorios). Estos resultados se replicaron para ambos grupos deedad, excepto la validez divergente y la fiabilidad test-retest que fueron inferiores en el grupode menor edad.(AU)
Introduction: Most people with persistent tics report an unpleasant sensation (premonitoryurge) before the tic. In recent years, interest in these sensory phenomena has increased due totheir important role in behavioural therapy. However, instruments for assessing these sensationsremain scarce. Among the available instruments, the Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale (PUTS) isthe most widely used. Methods: We examined the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Spanish-language version of the PUTS in a sample of 72 children and adolescents with Tourette syndromeor persistent tic disorders. We analysed data from the total sample and by age group (childrenup to 10 years old and children/adolescents over 10). Results: The PUTS presented good internal consistency and moderate correlations betweenitems on the scale (except for item one). Divergent validity was good, test-retest reliabilitywas adequate, and a bifactorial structure was identified (one dimension related to mentalphenomena reported in obsessive-compulsive disorder, and another related to the quality andfrequency of premonitory urges). These results were replicated in both age groups, with lowerdivergent validity and test-retest reliability in the younger group.Conclusions: The Spanish-language version of the PUTS is a valid, reliable tool for assessingpremonitory urges in both children and adolescents, especially after the age of 10.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Tic Disorders , Psychometrics , Tourette Syndrome , Child Psychiatry , Reproducibility of Results , Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders , Child Health , Adolescent HealthABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Most people with persistent tics report an unpleasant sensation (premonitory urge) before the tic. In recent years, interest in these sensory phenomena has increased due to their important role in behavioural therapy. However, instruments for assessing these sensations remain scarce. Among the available instruments, the Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale (PUTS) is the most widely used. METHODS: We examined the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Spanish-language version of the PUTS in a sample of 72 children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome or persistent tic disorders. We analysed data from the total sample and by age group (children up to 10 years old and children/adolescents over 10). RESULTS: The PUTS presented good internal consistency and moderate correlations between items on the scale (except for item 1). Divergent validity was good, test-retest reliability was adequate, and a bifactorial structure was identified (one dimension related to mental phenomena reported in obsessive-compulsive disorder, and another related to the quality and frequency of premonitory urges). These results were replicated in both age groups, with lower divergent validity and test-retest reliability in the younger group. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish-language version of the PUTS is a valid, reliable tool for assessing premonitory urges in both children and adolescents, especially after the age of 10.
Subject(s)
Tic Disorders , Tics , Humans , Child , Adolescent , Reproducibility of Results , Severity of Illness Index , Tic Disorders/diagnosis , LanguageABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Theory of mind (ToM) is the human ability to perceive, interpret, and attribute the mental states of other people, and the alteration of this cognitive function is a core symptom of autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). In such other neurodevelopmental disorders as childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette syndrome (TS) that can present with cognitive dysfunctions, ToM has been less extensively studied, especially in the young population. The aim of the study was to compare advanced ToM between groups of young people diagnosed with OCD, TS, or ASD and a control group. METHODS: Clinical interviews were conducted with male patients aged between 11 and 17 years with a main diagnosis of OCD (n=19), TS (n=14), or ASD (n=18), and a control group (n=20). We administered instruments for estimating intelligence quotient and severity of psychiatric symptoms, and tasks to evaluate ToM (the "Stories from everyday life" task and the "Reading the mind in the eyes" test). RESULTS: Young people with TS and with ASD present similar difficulties in solving advanced ToM tasks, whereas patients with childhood-onset OCD present similar results to controls. CONCLUSIONS: ToM is altered in other neurodevelopmental disorders beyond ASD, such as TS.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Most people with persistent tics report an unpleasant sensation (premonitory urge) before the tic. In recent years, interest in these sensory phenomena has increased due to their important role in behavioural therapy. However, instruments for assessing these sensations remain scarce. Among the available instruments, the Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale (PUTS) is the most widely used. METHODS: We examined the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Spanish-language version of the PUTS in a sample of 72 children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome or persistent tic disorders. We analysed data from the total sample and by age group (children up to 10 years old and children/adolescents over 10). RESULTS: The PUTS presented good internal consistency and moderate correlations between items on the scale (except for item one). Divergent validity was good, test-retest reliability was adequate, and a bifactorial structure was identified (one dimension related to mental phenomena reported in obsessive-compulsive disorder, and another related to the quality and frequency of premonitory urges). These results were replicated in both age groups, with lower divergent validity and test-retest reliability in the younger group. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish-language version of the PUTS is a valid, reliable tool for assessing premonitory urges in both children and adolescents, especially after the age of 10.
ABSTRACT
The association between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette's/chronic tic disorders (TD/CTD) with autoimmune diseases (ADs) is uncertain. In this nationwide study, we sought to clarify the patterns of comorbidity and familial clustering of a broad range of ADs in individuals with OCD, individuals with TD/CTD and their biological relatives. From a birth cohort of 7 465 455 individuals born in Sweden between 1940 and 2007, we identified 30 082 OCD and 7279 TD/CTD cases in the National Patient Register and followed them up to 31 December 2013. The risk of 40 ADs was evaluated in individuals with OCD, individuals with TD/CTD and their first- (siblings, mothers, fathers), second- (half siblings) and third-degree (cousins) relatives, compared with population controls. Individuals with OCD and TD/CTD had increased comorbidity with any AD (43% and 36%, respectively) and many individual ADs. The risk of any AD and several individual ADs was consistently higher among first-degree relatives than among second- and third-degree relatives of OCD and TD/CTD probands. The risk of ADs was very similar in mothers, fathers and siblings of OCD probands, whereas it tended to be higher in mothers and fathers of TD/CTD probands (compared with siblings). The results suggest a familial link between ADs in general (that is, not limited to Streptococcus-related conditions) and both OCD and TD/CTD. Additional mother-specific factors, such as the placental transmission of antibodies, cannot be fully ruled out, particularly in TD/CTD.
