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1.
Environ Res ; 198: 110451, 2021 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33188761

ABSTRACT

In this work, the effectiveness of green zero-valent iron nanoparticles (gnZVIs) for the removal of the antibiotic sulfadiazine (SDZ) from water via adsorption and reduction was tested. Additionally, the effectiveness of this material as a catalyst for the Fenton and photo-Fenton processes was also investigated. This represents the first study concerning the use of gnZVIs for the degradation of a sulfonamide antibiotic. The results obtained indicate that gnZVIs were able to remove up to 58% of SDZ via adsorption and up to 69% via adsorption plus reduction using a SDZ/Fe3+ molar ratio of 1:61.6. Furthermore, gnZVIs showed strong effectiveness as a catalyst for the Fenton and photo-Fenton reactions, with complete SDZ removal in 8 h and 5 min, respectively, using a SDZ/Fe3+/H2O2 molar ratio of 1:38.4:38.4. These results demonstrate that the use of gnZVIs constitutes an attractive and potential alternative technology for water remediation, reducing environmental impact and operational costs.


Subject(s)
Nanoparticles , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Hydrogen Peroxide , Iron , Oxidation-Reduction , Sulfadiazine , Technology , Water , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
2.
Mar Pollut Bull ; 160: 111665, 2020 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33181940

ABSTRACT

In vitro methods have gained rising importance in ecotoxicology due to ethical concerns. The aim of this study was to assess the single and combined in vitro effects of gold, as nanoparticle (AuNPs) and ionic (Au+) form, and the pharmaceutical gemfibrozil (GEM). Sparus aurata liver organ culture was exposed to gold (4 to 7200 µg·L-1), GEM (1.5 to 15,000 µg·L-1) and combination 80 µg·L-1 gold +150 µg·L-1 GEM for 24 h. Endpoints related with antioxidant status, peroxidative/genetic damage were assessed. AuNPs caused more effects than Au+, increasing catalase and glutathione reductase activities and damaging DNA and cellular membranes. Effects were dependent on AuNPs size, coating and concentration. GEM damaged DNA at an environmentally relevant concentration, 1.5 µg·L-1. Overall, the effects of the combined exposures were higher than the predicted, based on single exposures. This study showed that liver culture can be a useful model to study contaminants effects.


Subject(s)
Metal Nanoparticles , Sea Bream , Animals , Gemfibrozil/toxicity , Gold , Liver , Metal Nanoparticles/toxicity , Organ Culture Techniques
3.
Chemosphere ; 215: 248-260, 2019 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30317096

ABSTRACT

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are found in a wide range of applications and therefore expected to present increasing levels in the environment. There is however limited knowledge concerning the potential toxicity of AuNPs as well as their combined effects with other pollutants. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of AuNPs alone and combined with the pharmaceutical gemfibrozil (GEM) on different biological responses (behaviour, neurotransmission, biotransformation and oxidative stress) in one of the most consumed fish in southern Europe, the seabream Sparus aurata. Fish were exposed for 96 h to waterborne 40 nm AuNPs with two coatings - citrate and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), alone or combined with GEM. Antioxidant defences were induced in liver and gills upon both AuNPs exposure. Decreased swimming performance (1600 µg.L-1) and oxidative damage in gills (4 and 80 µg.L-1) were observed following exposure to polyvinylpyrrolidone coated gold nanoparticles (PVP-AuNPs). Generally, accumulation of gold in fish tissues and deleterious effects in S. aurata were higher for PVP-AuNPs than for cAuNPs exposures. Although AuNPs and GEM combined effects in gills were generally low, in liver, they were higher than the predicted. The accumulation and effects of AuNPs showed to be dependent on the size, coating, surface charge and aggregation/agglomeration state of nanoparticles. Additionally, it was tissue' specific and dependent on the presence of other contaminants. Although, gold intake by humans is expected to not exceed the estimated tolerable daily intake, it is highly recommended to keep it on track due to the increasing use of AuNPs.


Subject(s)
Environmental Exposure/analysis , Gemfibrozil/toxicity , Gold/toxicity , Metal Nanoparticles/toxicity , Sea Bream/metabolism , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity , Animals , Antioxidants/metabolism , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Biotransformation/drug effects , Europe , Gemfibrozil/metabolism , Gemfibrozil/pharmacokinetics , Gills/drug effects , Gills/metabolism , Gold/metabolism , Gold/pharmacokinetics , Humans , Liver/drug effects , Liver/metabolism , Oxidation-Reduction , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Synaptic Transmission/drug effects
4.
Chemosphere ; 220: 11-19, 2019 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30576896

ABSTRACT

Due to their diverse applications, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are expected to increase of in the environment, although few studies are available on their mode of action in aquatic organisms. The genotoxicity of AuNPs, alone or combined with the human pharmaceutical gemfibrozil (GEM), an environmental contaminant frequently detected in aquatic systems, including in marine ecosystems, was examined using gilthead seabream erythrocytes as a model system. Fish were exposed for 96 h to 4, 80 and 1600 µg L-1 of 40 nm AuNPs with two coatings - citrate or polyvinylpyrrolidone; GEM (150 µg L-1); and a combination of AuNPs and GEM (80 µg L-1 AuNPs + 150 µg L-1 GEM). AuNPs induced DNA damage and increased nuclear abnormalities levels, with coating showing an important role in the toxicity of AuNPs to fish. The combined exposures of AuNPs and GEM produced an antagonistic response, with observed toxic effects in the mixtures being lower than the predicted. The results raise concern about the safety of AuNPs and demonstrate interactions between them and other contaminants.


Subject(s)
DNA Damage/drug effects , Gemfibrozil/toxicity , Metal Nanoparticles/toxicity , Mutagens , Animals , Aquatic Organisms , Drug Interactions , Erythrocytes/drug effects , Gold/toxicity , Humans , Sea Bream/blood , Sea Bream/physiology
5.
Aquat Toxicol ; 200: 266-274, 2018 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29807214

ABSTRACT

Lipid regulators are among the most prescribed human pharmaceuticals worldwide. Gemfibrozil, which belongs to this class of pharmaceuticals, is one of the most frequently encountered in the aquatic environment. However, there is limited information concerning the mechanisms involved in gemfibrozil effects to aquatic organisms, particularly to marine organisms. Based on this knowledge gap, the current study aimed to assess biochemical and behavioral effects following a sublethal exposure to gemfibrozil (1.5, 15, 150, 1500 and 15,000 µg L-1) in the estuarine/marine fish Sparus aurata. After the exposure to 1.5 µg L-1 of gemfibrozil, fish had reduced ability to swim against a water flow and increased lipid peroxidation in the liver. At concentrations between 15-15,000 µg L-1, the activities of some enzymes involved in antioxidant defense were induced, appearing to be sufficient to prevent oxidative damage. Depending on the organ, different responses to gemfibrozil were displayed, with enzymes like catalase being more stimulated in gills, whereas glutathione peroxidase was more activated in liver. Although there were no obvious concentration-response relationships, the integrated biomarker response version 2 (IBRv2) analysis revealed that the highest concentrations of gemfibrozil (between 150-15,000 µg L-1) caused more alterations. All the tested concentrations of gemfibrozil induced effects in S. aurata, in terms of behavior and/or oxidative stress responses. Oxidative damage was found at a concentration that is considered environmentally relevant, suggesting a potential of this pharmaceutical to impact fish populations.


Subject(s)
Biomarkers/metabolism , Gemfibrozil/toxicity , Sea Bream/metabolism , Animals , Brain/enzymology , Catalase/metabolism , Cholinesterases/metabolism , Gills/drug effects , Gills/metabolism , Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism , Humans , Liver/drug effects , Liver/metabolism , Muscles/enzymology , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Swimming/physiology , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity
6.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28735742

ABSTRACT

Widespread use of pharmaceuticals and suboptimal wastewater treatment have led to increased levels of these substances in aquatic ecosystems. Lipid-lowering drugs such as gemfibrozil, which are among the most abundant human pharmaceuticals in the environment, may have deleterious effects on aquatic organisms. We examined the genotoxicity of gemfibrozil in a fish species, the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), which is commercially important in southern Europe. Following 96-h waterborne exposure, molecular (erythrocyte DNA strand breaks) and cytogenetic (micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities in cells) endpoints were measured. Gemfibrozil was positive in both endpoints, at environmentally relevant concentrations, a result that raises concerns about the potential genotoxic effects of the drug in recipient waters.


Subject(s)
DNA Breaks , Erythrocytes/drug effects , Gemfibrozil/toxicity , Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective/chemically induced , Sea Bream/genetics , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity , Animals , Comet Assay , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Erythrocytes/pathology , Micronucleus Tests , Sea Bream/blood
7.
J Pharm Biomed Anal ; 135: 75-86, 2017 Feb 20.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28012308

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present work was to develop and validate a multi-residue method for the analysis of 33 human and veterinary pharmaceuticals (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)/analgesics, antibiotics and psychiatric drugs), including some of their metabolites, in several aqueous environmental matrices: drinking water, surface water and wastewaters. The method is based on solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) and it was validated for different aqueous matrices, namely bottled water, tap water, seawater, river water and wastewaters, showing recoveries between 50% and 112% for the majority of the target analytes. The developed analytical methodology allowed method detection limits in the low nanograms per liter level. Method intra- and inter-day precision was under 8% and 11%, respectively, expressed as relative standard deviation. The developed method was applied to the analysis of drinking water (bottled and tap water), surface waters (seawater and river water) and wastewaters (wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) influent and effluent). Due to the selectivity and sensitivity of the optimized method, it was possible to detect pharmaceuticals in all the aqueous environmental matrices considered, including in bottled water at concentrations up to 31ngL-1 (salicylic acid). In general, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs/analgesics was the therapeutic group most frequently detected, with the highest concentrations found in wastewaters (acetaminophen and the metabolite carboxyibuprofen at levels up to 615 and 120µgL-1, respectively).


Subject(s)
Analgesics/metabolism , Anti-Bacterial Agents/metabolism , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/metabolism , Solid Phase Extraction/methods , Veterinary Drugs/metabolism , Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism , Analgesics/analysis , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/analysis , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/analysis , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/trends , Humans , Pharmaceutical Preparations/analysis , Pharmaceutical Preparations/metabolism , Solid Phase Extraction/trends , Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods , Tandem Mass Spectrometry/trends , Veterinary Drugs/analysis , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
8.
Sci Total Environ ; 569-570: 16-22, 2016 Nov 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27328395

ABSTRACT

There are growing public attention and concern about the possibility of ecosystem and human health effects from pharmaceuticals in environment. Several types of environmental samples were target of studies by the scientific community, namely drinking water, groundwater, surface water (river, ocean), treated water (influent and effluent), soils, and sediments near to Wastewater Treatment Plants or near to others potential sources of contaminations. Normally, studies in the cemeteries areas are for historical and architectural research and questions of the potential risk for adverse impact of cemeteries in environment have never received enough attention. However, this risk may exist when cemeteries are placed in areas that are vulnerable to contamination. The objective of the present work was the determination of pharmaceuticals (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory/analgesics, antibiotics and psychiatric drugs) in groundwater samples collected inside of the cemeteries areas. Acetaminophen, salicylic acid, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, nimesulide, carbamazepine, fluoxetine, and sertraline were the pharmaceuticals achieved in the analysed samples. None of the studied antibiotics were detected. The highest concentration was obtained for salicylic acid (in the range of 33.7 to 71.0ng/L) and carbamazepine (between 20.0 and 22.3ng/L), respectively. By the cluster analysis similarity between carbamazepine and fluoxetine was achieved.


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/analysis , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/analysis , Antidepressive Agents/analysis , Cemeteries , Groundwater/analysis , Environmental Monitoring , Portugal , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
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