ABSTRACT
GES (Guiana Extended Spectrum) carbapenemases belong to "minor class A carbapenemases" and its prevalence could be underestimated due to the lack of specific tests. The aim of this study was to develop an easy PCR method to differentiate between GES ß-lactamases with or without carbapenemase activity, based on an allelic discrimination system of SNPs that encode E104K and G170S mutations, without need of sequencing. Two pair of primers and Affinity Plus probes, labeled with different fluorophores; FAM/IBFQ and YAK/IBFQ, were designed for each one of the SNPs. This allelic discrimination assay allows to detect in real time the presence of all type of GES- ß-lactamases, being able to differentiate between carbapenemases and extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL), through a quick PCR test that avoid costly sequencing approaches and could help to decrease the current underdiagnosis of minor carbapenemases that scape of phenotypic screenings.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Proteins , beta-Lactamases , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , beta-Lactamases/genetics , beta-Lactamases/analysis , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Anti-Bacterial AgentsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Co-circulation of the two Influenza B lineages hinders forecast of strain to include in trivalent vaccine. Autonomous Communities such as Cantabria continue without supplying tetravalent vaccine. The aim of this study was to analyse epidemiological characteristics of influenza type B in Cantabria (2019-2020 season) as well as to establish the predominant lineage and its relation to the recommended vaccine. METHODS: Retrospective study whereby flu diagnosis and lineage analysis were determined by RT-PCR. RESULTS: All samples belonged to the Victoria lineage. Most prevalent viral co-infection was due to SARS-CoV-2. The population affected by influenza B was mainly paediatric and non-vaccinated patients more frequently required hospital admittance. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza type B has a higher incidence in the paediatric population and type A affects more the adult population. Only 28.8% of patients with Influenza B that presented with some underlying condition or risk factor were vaccinated. This shows the need to increase coverage with tetravalent vaccines in order to reduce the burden of disease associated with the Influenza B virus.
Subject(s)
COVID-19/epidemiology , Influenza B virus , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Pandemics , SARS-CoV-2 , Adult , COVID-19/virology , Chi-Square Distribution , Child , Coinfection/epidemiology , Coinfection/virology , Epidemics , Female , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Influenza, Human/virology , Male , Retrospective Studies , Seasons , Spain/epidemiology , Statistics, NonparametricSubject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Clinical Clerkship/legislation & jurisprudence , Clinical Clerkship/methods , Clinical Clerkship/standards , Pharmacies/organization & administration , Pharmacies/standards , Pharmacies , Pharmaceutical Services , Pharmaceutical Services/organization & administration , Pharmaceutical Services/standards , Good Distribution Practices , Good Manipulation Practices , Good Dispensing PracticesABSTRACT
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