ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Pediatric medication taste impacts adherence, and current recommendations advocate for direct input from pediatric patients on medication taste during drug development. However, the lack of a widely used, validated measurement tool limits taste assessments. This protocol examines the validity of, and preferences for, a newly created self-report taste rating scale designed with images centered on taste (TASTY), compared with 2 existing hedonic taste scales. METHODS: This study was a prospective, single-center, randomized survey of child-parent dyads recruited from pediatric ambulatory care clinics and ancillary service waiting rooms. Parents facilitated the survey by identifying foods that they perceived their child would recall as pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant. Children were asked to rate each of the 3 food items on each of 3 different faces scales presented in random order. Parents and children were also asked which scale they preferred and why. RESULTS: Ninety child-parent dyads completed this study (mean child age was 6.7 ± 2.9 years, 58% female). All 3 scales performed comparably with no significant differences (p > 0.05). However, concordance between parental assignment and child rankings was markedly lower in 3-year-olds (r < 0.4) and 4-year-olds (r < 0.6) than for children 5 years and older (r > 0.9). TASTY was preferred by both parents and children when compared with the other scales. CONCLUSIONS: This novel hedonic taste scale for pediatric use is equally valid and preferred to comparable faces scales. The TASTY scale may be beneficial in developing standardized methodology for evaluating drug palatability.
ABSTRACT
La litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque (LEOC) es un tratamiento útil para la litiasis urinaria. El tipo de generador y las características del cálculo pueden condicionar los resultados del tratamiento. Sujetos y Métodos Se estudiaron pacientes ambulatorios, mayores de edad y con diagnóstico de litiasis urinaria alta tratada con LEOC en los hospitales Eugenio Espejo y Metropolitano de la ciudad de Quito. Dos cohortes de estudio se diferenciaron según el tipo de generador utilizado: LTEM (litotriptor electromagnético) y LTEH (litotriptor electrohidráulico). Las características del cálculo consideradas ideales para fragmentación (densidad ≤1000 UH, tamaño ≤20 mm y distancia piel-cálculo ≤10 cm) se determinaron por tomografía simple. El resultado del tratamiento se califcó como éxito temprano (desaparición del cálculo luego de la LEOC, valorada con ï¬uoroscopía) y tardío (fragmentos <4 mm en la radiografía de control a los cinco días y cuatro semanas del tratamiento). Resultados Entre las cohortes LTEM (n=40; edad 46.2 ± 11.5 años; 42.5% hombres) y LTEH (n=40; edad 46.0 ± 13.8 años; 65.0% hombres) no hubo diferencias de los litos en su densidad (1027.7 ± 371.4 vs. 999.1 ± 269.4 UH; p=ns) y distancia piel-cálculo (9.0 ± 1.7 vs. 9.7 ± 2.0 cm; p=ns), pero tuvieron mayor tamaño en el grupo LTEM (16.1 ± 5.7 vs. 12.6 ± 4.4 mm; p<0.01). El éxito de fragmentaciones (72.5%; IC95: 61.8% - 81.1%) fue exactamente igual con ambos litotriptores. Los éxitos tempranos (57.5% vs. 47.5%; p=ns) y tardíos (15.0% vs. 25.0%; p=ns) no fueron estadísticamente diferentes. La frecuencia de litos con características ideales en su densidad (55.0% vs. 50.0%; p=ns), distancia a la piel (70.0% vs. 65.0%; p=ns) y tamaño (82.5% vs. 97.5%; p=0.05) fue similar entre los grupos. Tres, dos, una o ninguna de estas condiciones ideales se encontraron en el 37.5%, 40.0%, 17.5% y 5.0% del total de pacientes investigados. Conclusión La tasa de éxito de la LEOC durante la práctica habitual es similar con litotriptores electromagnético y electrohidráulico, sobre todo cuando las características ideales de los cálculos se presentan de forma similar en los pacientes.
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is a useful treatment for urolithiasis. However, the generator used and some characteristics of the stones may affect the treatment outcome. Subjects and methods We studied adult outpatients with urolithiasis who underwent ESWL at the Eugenio Espejo and Metropolitano hospitals from Quito-Ecuador were studied. Two study cohorts were defned according to the type of generator: EMLT (electromagnetic lithotripter) and EHLT (electrohydraulic lithotripter). The calculi characteristics considered ideal for fragmentation (density ≤1000 HU, size ≤20 mm, and distance skin-to-stone ≤10 cm) were determined by non-contrast computed tomography. Treatment outcome was defined as early success (disappearance of stone after ESWL, assessed by ï¬uoroscopy) and delayed success (fragments <4 mm in the X-ray control fve days and four weeks after treatment). Results There was no difference between the groups EMLT (n=40; age 46.2 ± 11.5 years; 42.5% males) and EHLT (n = 40; age 46.0 ± 13.8 years; 65.0% male) respect to the stones density (1027.7 ± 371.4 vs. 999.1 ± 269.4 HU; p=ns) and skin-to-stone distance (9.0 ± 1.7 vs. 9.7 ± 2.0 cm; p=ns), but stones had a larger size in the EMLT group (16.1 ± 5.7 vs. 12.6 ± 4.4 mm; p<0.01). The success rate of stone fragmentation (72.5%; 95%CI: 61.8% - 81.1%) was exactly the same with both lithotripters. Early success (57.5% vs. 47.5%; p=ns) and delayed success (15.0% vs. 25.0%; p=ns) were not statistically different. Stones with ideal characteristics in density (55.0% vs. 50.0%; p=ns), skin-to-stone distance (70.0% vs. 65.0%; p=ns) and size (82.5% vs. 97.5%; p=0.05) showed a similar frequency between groups. Three, two, one or none of these ideal conditions were found in 37.5%, 40.0%, 17.5% and 5.0% of patients investigated. Conclusion The success rate of ESWL in clinical practice is similar with electromagnetic and electrohydraulic lithotripters, especially when stones with ideal characteristics are present similarly in patients.
