Transcriptional patterns of Coffea arabica L. nitrate reductase, glutamine and asparagine synthetase genes are modulated under nitrogen suppression and coffee leaf rust.

This study evaluated the transcriptional profile of genes related to nitrogen (N) assimilation in coffee plants susceptible and resistant to rust fungi under N sufficiency and N suppression. For this purpose, we inoculated young coffee leaves with Hemileia vastatrix uredospores and collected them at 0, 12, 24 and 48 hours post-inoculation (HPI) to evaluate the relative expressions of genes encoding cytosolic glutamine synthetase (CaGS1 ), plastid glutamine synthetase (CaGS2 ), nitrate reductase (CaNR), and asparagine synthetase (CaAS). The genes exhibited distinct patterns of transcriptional modulation for the different genotypes and N nutritional regimes. The resistant genotype (I59) presented high levels of transcription in response to pathogen inoculation for CaNR and CaGS1 genes, evaluated under N sufficiency in the initial moments of infection (12 HPI). The gene CaGS1 also showed a peak at 48 HPI. The susceptible genotype (CV99) showed increased transcript rates of CaNR at 12 and 24 HPI in response to rust inoculation. The transcriptional patterns observed for CV99, under N suppression, were high levels for CaAS and CaGS2 at all post-inoculation times in response to coffee leaf rust disease. In addition, CaGS1 was up-regulated at 48 HPI for CV99. Cultivar I59 showed high transcript levels at 12 HPI for CaAS and peaks at 24 and 48 HPI for CaGS2 in inoculated samples. Consequently, total chlorophyl concentration was influenced by N suppression and by rust infection. Regarding enzyme activities in vitro for glutamine synthetase and CaNR, there was an increase in infected coffee leaves (I59) and under N sufficiency. Moreover, CV99 was modulated in both N nutritional regimes for GS activity in response to rust. Our results indicate that N transport genes trigger a differential modulation between genotypes through the action of rust disease.

Acyl-homoserine lactones produced by Pantoea sp. isolated from the "maize white spot" foliar disease.

The "maize white spot" foliar disease is a problem of increasing importance to Brazilian maize crops. A bacterium isolated from water-soaked lesions from infected maize leaves was pathogenic in biological assays in vivo. It was identified as a Gram-negative, nonsporulating, facultative anaerobic bacterium, belonging to the genus Pantoea. Chemical study of the extracts from bacterial cultivation media allowed the identification of (S)-(-)-N-butanoyl-homoserine lactone and trace amounts of N-hexanoyl-homoserine lactone, widely recognized quorum-sensing signaling substances employed in cell-to-cell communication systems. The absolute configuration of natural (S)-(-)-N-butanoyl-homoserine lactone was determined by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection with a chiral stationary phase and by comparison of circular dichroism spectroscopic data with enantiopure synthetic substances. Biological evaluations with reporter Agrobacterium tumefaciens NTL4(pZLR4) were carried out with synthetic and natural products and also with extracts from maize leaves contaminated with the isolated bacterium, as well as from healthy leaves.

Antimutagenic action of Lentinula edodes and Agaricus blazei on Aspergillus nidulans conidia

O efeito antimutagênico dos cogumelos Lentinula edodes e Agaricus blazei foram estudados sobre conídios de Aspergillus nidulans quando expostos à luz ultravioleta de comprimento de onda curto. Duas linhagens de A. nidulans foram usadas. Para o preparo dos extratos, os cogumelos frescos permaneceram em infusão aquosa por 12 horas e em seguida foram aquecidos em banho-maria por 15 min à 100ºC e a seguir o material foi filtrado. Os cogumelos desidratados foram deixados em infusão aquosa por 12 horas e a seguir filtrados. Ambos os filtrados foram usados como extratos. Os conídios de A. nidulans foram incubados por três horas em água e em extrato de cogumelo e somente após foram expostos a luz ultravioleta (pré-tratamento). Conídios de A. nidulans foram incubados em água e em extrato de cogumelo e imediatamente submetidos à luz ultravioleta (pós-tratamento). Conídios incubados em água e em extrato de cogumelo, mas sem exposição ao agente mutagênico, foram usados como controle. Após tratamento mutagênico, observou-se um aumento na taxa de sobrevivência de A. nidulans e uma diminuição na porcentagem de mutantes morfológicos em conídios tratados com extrato de cogumelos. Nossos resultados demonstram o efeito radioprotetor e antimutagênico dos cogumelos L. edodes e A. blazei sobre células eucarióticas submetidas à radiação UV.

Strains of lentinula edodes suppress growth of phytopathogenic fungi and inhibit Alagoas serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus

Four Lentinula edodes strains (Le10, 46, K2, Assai) were assessed for their antagonistic effect on four filamentous fungus species of agricultural importance (Helminthosporium euphorbiae, Helminthosporium sp, Fusarium solani and Phomopsis sojae) and on Alagoas serotype of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSA). The L. edodes strains studied had variable effects on the filamentous fungi and on VSA. The K2 and Le10 strains were antagonistic on the fungi assessed and the 46 and K2 strains were efficient on the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus. The results widened the list of beneficial effects of L. edodes on the control and prevention of animal pathogenic virus and filamentous fungi.