ABSTRACT
Current water-quality criteria for metals typically are derived from toxicity tests with the metal dissolved in clean laboratory water. Estimating the toxicity of iron from such tests, however, is extremely difficult because of the complex solubility and toxicity characteristics of the ferrous and ferric forms of the metal in freshwater. Consequently, a criterion for dissolved iron in freshwater derived from standard laboratory bioassays may not accurately describe the actual bioavailability and toxicity of this metal. A new approach is necessary to adequately protect aquatic life from the direct (toxic) and indirect (physical) negative effects of iron. We present a novel methodology to derive bioassessment-based benchmarks for total iron. This approach involves the use of quantile regression to model the decline in maximum abundance of taxa along a gradient of increasing iron concentrations. The limiting function (e.g., 90th quantile) is used to project the iron concentration associated with a selected reduction in maximum number of organisms (e.g., 20%). The projected declines in abundance of aquatic organisms are interpreted within the larger context of biological responses to increasing levels of stress (i.e., a biological condition gradient). Projections of iron concentration associated with multiple levels of reduction are selected to establish acceptable levels of change in the various tiers of a biological community. The bioassessment-based benchmarks that we establish for total iron (0.21 and 1.74 mg/L) are based on the assumption that if ecological effects-based criteria for total iron are derived and applied, the structure and function of the aquatic community will be protected.
