Prevalence of depression and anxiety in older people in low- and middle- income countries in Africa, Asia and South America: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: There is rapid growth of older people in Low- and Middle- Income Countries (LMICs). The aim of this review was to assess the literature on prevalence of anxiety and depression in this demographic, which to our knowledge, has not yet been conducted. METHODS: Databases including Medline, PsychInfo, Embase, Scielo and African Journals Online were searched for terms including "mental disorders", "neurotic disorders", "mood disorders" and "anxiety disorders". Studies published between 1990 and 2020 providing data on older people (≥50 years) in LMICs (defined by World Bank Criteria) were included and quality-assessed. Meta-analysis was conducted on a subset of higher-quality studies to derive pooled prevalence estimates of depression. RESULTS: One hundred and forty relevant studies were identified, of which thirty-two were included in meta-analysis. One hundred and fifteen studies reported depression prevalence only, 19 reported both depression and anxiety, and six reported anxiety only. In all studies identified, depression prevalence ranged from 0.5 % to 62.7 %, and Generalised Anxiety Disorder prevalence ranged from 0.2 % to 32.2 %. The pooled prevalence of depression on meta-analysis was 10.5 % (95 % CI, 8.9 % - 11.2 %). Reported prevalence rates of depression were significantly different in studies using ICD-10 compared with DSM criteria, and between community and clinical settings. LIMITATIONS: The search strategy contained bias towards English language papers and high income country (HIC) publications. There is significant heterogeneity within the meta-analysis. DISCUSSION: A wide range of methodologies and clinical criteria are used in prevalence studies of depression and anxiety in older people. Studies using screening tools found higher prevalence rates; clinicians and researchers should ensure diagnosis is made with gold-standard clinical criteria. Meta-analysis data suggest that rates of depression are similar in older people in LMICs compared to HICs but mental healthcare resources are limited, suggesting a large potential treatment gap.

Delirium in Elderly Patients:Frequency and Precipitants in a Tertiary Hospital Setting.

OBJECTIVE: There is paucity of information on delirium in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) particularly in the older persons (>60 years of age), leaving questions about the burden of the disease in an environment with lower health care standards. In this article, we set out to determine the frequency, precipitants and symptomatology of delirium in elderly patients admitted into medical wards in a teaching hospital in South-West Nigeria. METHODS: This was a descriptive study involving a pre-planned sample of one hundred and fifty patients aged 60 years and over, assessed for cognitive impairment and delirium using the previously validated IDEA cognitive screen, and the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) respectively. Diagnosis of delirium was made using the CAM and DSM-IV criteria. RESULTS: Delirium was diagnosed in 32 patients giving a frequency of 21.3% (95%CI: 14.7-30.0%). Patients with delirium were significantly older (p<0.05). A quarter of the patients had dementia. Hypertension was a notable co-morbid condition. All the patients had altered sleep wake cycle, inattention, disorientation, and altered consciousness. Neurological diseases were the most common precipitant. There was a good agreement between the DSM-IV and CAM diagnoses. CONCLUSION: Delirium is common in hospitalised elderly patients particularly those with neurological diseases. Co-morbidities like hypertension, dementia, and depression should be looked for in delirious elderly patients.

Identification of delirium and dementia in older medical inpatients in Tanzania: A comparison of screening and diagnostic methods.

BACKGROUND: In sub-Saharan Africa, there are no validated screening tools for delirium in older adults. This study assesses clinical utility of two instruments, the IDEA cognitive screen and the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) for identification of delirium in older adults admitted to medical wards of a tertiary referral hospital in Tanzania. METHOD: The IDEA cognitive screen and CAM were administered to a consecutive cohort of older individuals on admission to Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre using a blinded protocol. Consensus diagnosis for delirium was established against DSM-5 criteria and dementia by DSM-IV criteria. RESULTS: Of 507 admission assessments, 95 (18.7%) had DSM-5 delirium and 95 (18.7%) had DSM-IV dementia (33 (6.5%) delirium superimposed on dementia). The CAM and IDEA cognitive screen had very good diagnostic accuracy for delirium (AUROC curve 0.94 and 0.87 respectively). However, a number of participants (10.5% and 16.4% respectively) were unable to complete these screening assessments due to reduced consciousness, or other causes of reduced verbal response and were excluded from this analysis; many of whom met DSM-5 criteria for delirium. Secondary analysis suggests that selected cognitive and observational items from the CAM and IDEA cognitive screen may be as effective as the full screening tools in identifying delirium even in unresponsive patients. CONCLUSION: Both instruments appeared useful for delirium screening in this inpatient setting, but had significant limitations. The combination of assessment items identified may form the basis of a brief, simple delirium screening tool suitable for use by non-specialist clinicians. Further development work is needed.

The prevalence and clinical manifestations of delirium in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review with inferences.

BACKGROUND: In high-income countries with ageing populations, delirium is most prevalent in older adults and in palliative and intensive care settings. The prevalence and aetiology of delirium are likely to differ in low income countries, including sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), due to different population demographics, disease burden and exposure to pathogens. We reviewed published literature relating to the prevalence, clinical features and underlying causes of delirium in SSA and compare this with that published in high-income countries in order to identify knowledge and clinical service gaps, and priorities for further research. METHODS: We performed a narrative review by comprehensively searching the following databases: Medline, PsychInfo, Embase and PubMed. Studies published between January 1 1975 and December 31 2013 in all languages, including the terms 'delirium', 'acute brain syndrome', 'organic brain syndrome', or 'acute confusion' originating from SSA were included. In addition, reference lists of included articles and online databases of African medical literature were hand-searched. We also included case series and case reports due to paucity of published studies. RESULTS: We identified a total of 46 relevant studies. Delirium was the main focus of only one cross-sectional study, whereas most included delirium in studies on neuropsychiatric conditions. Only two studies reported prevalence in older adults. Most studies reported very low (<2%) delirium prevalence, whereas delirium in psychiatric inpatient and outpatient settings was higher than expected (18.2%-29.9%). Descriptive studies of 'bouffee delirante' from psychiatry settings were often describing delirium. Infection and HIV seropositivity were common associations of delirium throughout these studies. There were no studies of intensive, critical or surgical care settings or of management strategies. CONCLUSIONS: We currently know very little about the prevalence, presentation and aetiology of delirium in developing countries. This knowledge gap should be tackled with some urgency, in order to address questions of screening, diagnosis, prevention and management in this setting.

The prevalence and burden of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in rural Tanzania.

OBJECTIVES: Behavioural and psychological symptoms (BPS) in dementia are common in high-income countries, but there are few data from sub-Saharan Africa. Our aim was to estimate the prevalence and pattern of BPS and associated caregiver distress in rural Tanzania. METHODS: Prevalent cases of dementia (aged 70 and over) were identified during a community-based door-to-door study in six rural villages in Tanzania. Following cognitive screening, a stratified sample (over-sampled for people with dementia) of cases underwent a detailed clinical assessment including the brief 12 item neuropsychiatric inventory (NPI-Q), which assesses BPS and associated caregiver distress over the preceding 30 days. RESULTS: Of 78 people with dementia, at least one current BPS was reported by 69 (88.4%), with 40 (51.3%) reporting 3 or more symptoms. In 172 people with no cognitive impairment, 110 (64.0%) reported at least one symptom and 48 (27.9%) reported 3 or more. In dementia cases, the most frequent symptoms reported were anxiety (47.4%), agitation/aggression (38.5%), night-time behavioural disturbance (34.6%), irritability (33.3%) and depression (33.3%). CONCLUSION: The frequency of BPS in dementia in this rural Tanzanian population is high and comparable to that reported in prevalence studies from high income countries. Symptoms were also common, although to a lesser degree, amongst cognitively intact subjects. BPS are likely to have a significant impact on quality of life for elderly persons and their carers in low-income settings. Low-cost interventions, such as community-based therapy and education, are needed.

A comparison of caregiver burden in older persons and persons with Parkinson's disease or dementia in sub-Saharan Africa.

BACKGROUND: Caregiver burden includes the many physical, mental and socio-economic problems arising from caring for individuals with chronic and disabling diseases. Being a carer in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where little is known about chronic neurological conditions, may be extremely demanding. Conversely, multigenerational living may allow sharing of care among many caregivers. We wished to determine the relative burden of caring for two chronic neurodegenerative conditions (Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia) in rural Tanzania. METHODS: All surviving patients from a PD prevalence study, newly identified people with PD from a neurological disorders study and all people with dementia from a dementia prevalence study in Hai, rural Tanzania, were invited to participate. The Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) was used to determine level of caregiver strain (higher score reflects more strain). RESULTS: Of 25 PD patients ZBI was recorded in 20 (14 male). Five had no identifiable carer as they were largely independent. Three had PD dementia (PDD). Of 75 people with dementia (excluding 3 PDD), 43 (32 female) completed the ZBI. For the other 32, the caregivers felt the care they provided was a normal intergenerational expectation. Median ages were 78.5 and 85 years for PD and dementia, respectively. Median ZBI was 30.5 for PD and 14 for dementia (U = 166.0, z = -3.913, p < 0.001). Disease duration and disease type (PD or dementia) were univariate predictor of ZBI score, although only disease type was predictive by multivariable linear regression. CONCLUSIONS: Caring for an individual with PD may be more burdensome than caring for an individual with dementia in SSA. People with more advanced PD had higher caregiver burden.